EXPLORING THE CONCEPT OF VIRTUE IN AQUINAS’ VIEW
Keywords:
Courage, good/bad action, habit, ordering of soul, reason, virtue
Abstract
Hidup moralitas tidaklah cukup jika hanya mengandalkan kemampuan penalaran. Alasannya: di dalam kemampuan penalaran itu kesesatan cara berpikir dapat terjadi. Kesesatan cara berpikir ini tentu saja tidak disadari oleh si subyek. Ketidaksadaran akan kesesatan cara berpikirnya menghantar si subyek itu sendiri kepada kebutaan terhadap tindakannya. St. Thomas Aquinaslah yang menekankan pentingnya keutamaan dalam hidup moralitas. Salah satu persoalan yang muncul adalah pendapat umum yang mengatakan bahwa keutamaan dapat ditemukan dalam perbuatan-perbuatan buruk, misalnya keberanian seorang penjahat untuk membunuh. Dengan demikian konsep keutamaan terbuka untuk didalami baik definisi maupun pengertiannya. P. Foot menyatakan bahwa keberaniaan yang ada di dalam tindakan-tindakan buruk bukanlah keutamaan. Sedangkan St. Thomas Aquinas menegaskan bahwa keutamaan adalah perintah yang pasti dari jiwa yang dapat diperoleh manusia melalui kebiasaan.
References
A. The Works of Saint Thomas Aquinas
AQUINATIS, Thomae, S., Summa Theologiae, cura et studio Sac. Petri Caramello, cum textu ex recensione Leonina, Prima Pars (Romae-Taurini: Marietti, 1952).
______________________, Quaestiones Disputatae, Volumen II, De Virtutibus in Communi, cura et studio P. Bazzi - M. Calcaterra - T.S. Centi - E. Odetto - P.M. Pession, Editio VIII revisa (Romae-Taurini: Marietti, 1949).
______________________, In decem libros ethicorum Aristotelis ad Nicomachum: expositio, cura et studio P.Fr. Raymundi Spiazzi (RomaeTaurini: Marietti, 1949).
• B. Monography on Argument
1. Books
CRISP, Roger and SLOTE, Michael (Ed.), Virtue Ethics, Oxford Readings in Philosophy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).
CRISP, Roger (Ed.), How Should One Live?: Essays on the Virtues (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998).
DAVIES, Brian, The Thought of Thomas Aquinas (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993).
FINANCE, de, Joseph, An Ethical Inquiry (Roma: Editrice Pontificia Universitá Gregoriana, 1991).
FOOT, Philippa, Virtues and Vices (Berkeley: Berkeley University Press, 1978).
FRANKENA, K., William, Ethics, second edition, Foundations of Philosophy Series (New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, INC, 1973).
GEACH, Peter, The Virtues (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977).
GRABMANN, Martin, S. Tommaso d’Aquino, una introduzione alla sua personalitá e al suo pensiero, Versione del Dottor Giacomo di Fabio (Milano: Societá Editrice “Vita e Pensiero”, 1929).
GRATSCH, J., Edwart, Aquinas’ Summa: An Introduction and Interpretation (New York: Alba House, 1985).
HAUERWAS, Stanley, A Community of Character: Toward a Constructive Christian Social Ethic (Notre Dame, London: University of Notre Dame Press, 1981).
__________________, Vision and Virtue (Notre Dame, London: University od Notre Dame Press, 1981).
HUDSON, W., Deal, & MORAN, WM., Dennis (Eds.), The Future of Thomism (Notre Dame: American Maritain Association, 1991).
MACINTYRE, Alasdair, After Virtue:A Study in Moral Theory (London: Duckworth, 1996).
MONDIN, Battista, L’Uomo: Chi é?: Elementi di antropologoa filosofica (Milano: Editrice Massimo, 1993).
PANGALLO, Mario, “Habitus” e vita morale: Fenomenologia e fondazione ontologica (Napoli-Roma: LER, 1988).
PIEPER, Josef, The Four Cardinal Virtues (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1966).
ROSS, D.,W. (Trans), “Nicomachean Ethics”, in Robert Maynard HUTCHINS (Ed), The Works of Aristotle Vol.II, Great Books of the Western World 9 (Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, INC, 1952)
WALLACE, James, Virtues and Vices (Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press, 1978).
WEISHEIPL, A., James, Friar Thomas d’Aquino: His Life, Thought & Works (Washington DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 1983).
WRIGHT, von, Henrik, George, The Varieties of Goodness (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1963).
2. Articles
ABBA, Giuseppe, “La funzione dell’habitus virtuoso nell’ atto morale secondo lo Scriptum super Sententiis di San Tommaso d’Aquino, in Salesianum (42) 1980, pp.3-34.
________________, “La nuova concezione dell’habitus virtuoso nella Summa Theologiae di San Tommaso d’Aquino”, in Salesianum (43) 1981, pp.71-118.
FERRARI, Valentino, Mario, “La disputa su virtú e felicita e l’eudemonismo estetico di Tommaso d’Aquino”, in Rivista Teologia Morale (8) 1976, pp.627-653.
MILLER, Dolores, “Moral Virtue, Eudaimonia, and the Prime Mover”, in The New Scholasticism (60) 1986, pp.1-34.
RAY, Chadwick, A., “A Fact about Virtues”, in The Thomist, (3) 1990, pp.429-653.
STALEY, M., Kevin, “Thomas Aquinas and Contemporary Ethics of Virtue”, in The Modern Schoolman, (4) 1989, pp.285-287.
YARTZ, Frank, “Virtue as an Ordo in Aquinas”, in Medieval Studies (47) 196970, pp.305-319.
C. Works in Dictionaries and Enciclopedies
BERGOMO, de Petri, In opera Sancti Thomae Aquinatis index seu Tabula Aurea, editio fototypica (Alba-Roma: Editiones Paulinae, 1960).
BOURKE, J., Vernon, “St. Thomas Aquinas”, in Paul EDWARDS (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Vol.8 (New York: Macmillan,1967), pp.105-116.
DEFERRARI, J., Roy, A Latin-English Dictionary of St.Thomas Aquinas: Based on The Summa Theologica and selected passages of his other writings (Washington DC: St.Paul Editions, 1986).
MONDIN, Battista, “Virtú”, in Dizionario Enciclopedico del Pensiero di San Tommaso d’Aquino (Bologna: Edizioni Studio Domenicano, 1991), pp.653-656.
PENCE, Greg, “Virtue Theory”, in SINGER, Peter (Ed.), A Companion to Ethics, Blackwell Companions to Philosophy (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1997), pp.249-258.
AQUINATIS, Thomae, S., Summa Theologiae, cura et studio Sac. Petri Caramello, cum textu ex recensione Leonina, Prima Pars (Romae-Taurini: Marietti, 1952).
______________________, Quaestiones Disputatae, Volumen II, De Virtutibus in Communi, cura et studio P. Bazzi - M. Calcaterra - T.S. Centi - E. Odetto - P.M. Pession, Editio VIII revisa (Romae-Taurini: Marietti, 1949).
______________________, In decem libros ethicorum Aristotelis ad Nicomachum: expositio, cura et studio P.Fr. Raymundi Spiazzi (RomaeTaurini: Marietti, 1949).
• B. Monography on Argument
1. Books
CRISP, Roger and SLOTE, Michael (Ed.), Virtue Ethics, Oxford Readings in Philosophy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).
CRISP, Roger (Ed.), How Should One Live?: Essays on the Virtues (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998).
DAVIES, Brian, The Thought of Thomas Aquinas (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993).
FINANCE, de, Joseph, An Ethical Inquiry (Roma: Editrice Pontificia Universitá Gregoriana, 1991).
FOOT, Philippa, Virtues and Vices (Berkeley: Berkeley University Press, 1978).
FRANKENA, K., William, Ethics, second edition, Foundations of Philosophy Series (New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, INC, 1973).
GEACH, Peter, The Virtues (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977).
GRABMANN, Martin, S. Tommaso d’Aquino, una introduzione alla sua personalitá e al suo pensiero, Versione del Dottor Giacomo di Fabio (Milano: Societá Editrice “Vita e Pensiero”, 1929).
GRATSCH, J., Edwart, Aquinas’ Summa: An Introduction and Interpretation (New York: Alba House, 1985).
HAUERWAS, Stanley, A Community of Character: Toward a Constructive Christian Social Ethic (Notre Dame, London: University of Notre Dame Press, 1981).
__________________, Vision and Virtue (Notre Dame, London: University od Notre Dame Press, 1981).
HUDSON, W., Deal, & MORAN, WM., Dennis (Eds.), The Future of Thomism (Notre Dame: American Maritain Association, 1991).
MACINTYRE, Alasdair, After Virtue:A Study in Moral Theory (London: Duckworth, 1996).
MONDIN, Battista, L’Uomo: Chi é?: Elementi di antropologoa filosofica (Milano: Editrice Massimo, 1993).
PANGALLO, Mario, “Habitus” e vita morale: Fenomenologia e fondazione ontologica (Napoli-Roma: LER, 1988).
PIEPER, Josef, The Four Cardinal Virtues (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1966).
ROSS, D.,W. (Trans), “Nicomachean Ethics”, in Robert Maynard HUTCHINS (Ed), The Works of Aristotle Vol.II, Great Books of the Western World 9 (Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, INC, 1952)
WALLACE, James, Virtues and Vices (Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press, 1978).
WEISHEIPL, A., James, Friar Thomas d’Aquino: His Life, Thought & Works (Washington DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 1983).
WRIGHT, von, Henrik, George, The Varieties of Goodness (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1963).
2. Articles
ABBA, Giuseppe, “La funzione dell’habitus virtuoso nell’ atto morale secondo lo Scriptum super Sententiis di San Tommaso d’Aquino, in Salesianum (42) 1980, pp.3-34.
________________, “La nuova concezione dell’habitus virtuoso nella Summa Theologiae di San Tommaso d’Aquino”, in Salesianum (43) 1981, pp.71-118.
FERRARI, Valentino, Mario, “La disputa su virtú e felicita e l’eudemonismo estetico di Tommaso d’Aquino”, in Rivista Teologia Morale (8) 1976, pp.627-653.
MILLER, Dolores, “Moral Virtue, Eudaimonia, and the Prime Mover”, in The New Scholasticism (60) 1986, pp.1-34.
RAY, Chadwick, A., “A Fact about Virtues”, in The Thomist, (3) 1990, pp.429-653.
STALEY, M., Kevin, “Thomas Aquinas and Contemporary Ethics of Virtue”, in The Modern Schoolman, (4) 1989, pp.285-287.
YARTZ, Frank, “Virtue as an Ordo in Aquinas”, in Medieval Studies (47) 196970, pp.305-319.
C. Works in Dictionaries and Enciclopedies
BERGOMO, de Petri, In opera Sancti Thomae Aquinatis index seu Tabula Aurea, editio fototypica (Alba-Roma: Editiones Paulinae, 1960).
BOURKE, J., Vernon, “St. Thomas Aquinas”, in Paul EDWARDS (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Vol.8 (New York: Macmillan,1967), pp.105-116.
DEFERRARI, J., Roy, A Latin-English Dictionary of St.Thomas Aquinas: Based on The Summa Theologica and selected passages of his other writings (Washington DC: St.Paul Editions, 1986).
MONDIN, Battista, “Virtú”, in Dizionario Enciclopedico del Pensiero di San Tommaso d’Aquino (Bologna: Edizioni Studio Domenicano, 1991), pp.653-656.
PENCE, Greg, “Virtue Theory”, in SINGER, Peter (Ed.), A Companion to Ethics, Blackwell Companions to Philosophy (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1997), pp.249-258.
