Ulos Batak Toba: Makna Religi dan Implikasinya pada Peradaban dan Estetika
Keywords:
ulos aesthetics; ulos civilization; ulos religiosity; Toba Batak ulos
Abstract
This research is discussing Toba Batak ulos whose application has been widely spread, not only among Batak tribes but also all over Indonesia and worldwide; especially since Hutaraja Ulos Village, Samosir Region, North Sumatra was launched. With the use of qualitative methodology, a phenomenological approach is used to find out the religious meaning of Toba Batak ulos which is integrated in garnish, colors, and the weavers. The garnish of ulos refers to the intention of the application of ulos so that it meets the wish of the giver and receiver of the ulos in accordance with its bestowed religious meaning. The colors of ulos which intrinsically flow on each ulos yeast symbolize the presence of God. The weaver as the creator of the ulos is also envisioning ulos religiosity. The transformation of ulos religiosity is revealed in the social culture which indicates the civilization concerning Toba Batak traditions and customs. Moreover, ulos religiosity is also affirmed in fashion aesthetics which has been implemented from the very beginning of the creation of ulos up to these days: we have to wear, implement, appreciate, and honor the virtues in our lives. Obviously, Toba Batak ulos has high religious and social values to unite the divine–man, man-divine, and man-man dimensions.
References
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Alubafi, Mathias F., and Chammah J. Kaunda. “Embodied Ancestors: Religious Objects, Moral Actions and Well-Being in the Cameroon Western Grassfields.” HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies 75, no. 1 (July 10, 2019). https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v75i1.5174.
Angerler, Johann. “Images of God in Toba Batak Storytelling.” Wacana 17, no. 2 (July 1, 2016): 303–35. https://doi.org/10.17510/wacana.v17i2.444.
Aritonang, Oktober Tua. “The Development of Instructional Model for the Weaving of ULOS Batak Toba Aided with Audiovisual Media in Sman 1 Tarutung.” International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences 3, no. 4 (2018): 510–13. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijels.3.4.5.
Awang, Jaffary, and Yusri Mohamad Ramli. “Theological and Phenomenological Methods in Teaching Comparative Religion Courses.” In Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 18, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.05.026.
Danz, Christian. “Religious Diversity and the Concept of Religion.” Neue Zeitschrift Für Systematische Theologie Und Religionsphilosophie 62, no. 1 (March 2, 2020): 101–13. https://doi.org/10.1515/nzsth-2020-0004.
Desiani, Inestya Fitri. “Simbol Dalam Kain Ulos Pada Suku Batak Toba.” Jurnal Ilmu Budaya 18, no. 2 (2022): 127–37. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31849/jib.v18i2.9466.
Duranti, Duranti. “Husserl, Intersubjectivity and Anthropology.” Anthropology Theory 10, no. 1 (2010): 1–20. https://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/faculty/duranti/Husserl-Intersubject-AT.pdf.
Fitinline. “Jenis-Jenis Kain Ulos Batak Lengkap Dengan Fungsi Dan Makna Filosofi Yang Terdandung Di Dalamnya.” Fitinline, 2019. https://fitinline.com/article/read/jenis-jenis-kain-ulos-batak-lengkap-dengan-fungsi-dan-makna-filosofi-yang-terkandung-didalamnya/.
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Hasibuan, Rizki Ananda, Rochmat, Saefur. “Ulos as Batak Cultural Wisdom Towards World Heritage.” BirLE-Journal 4, no. 2 (2020): 853–64. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33258/birle.v4i2.1865.
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Jung, Jong Hyun. “Sense of Divine Involvement and Sense of Meaning in Life: Religious Tradition as a Contingency.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 54, no. 1 (March 2015): 119–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12170.
Kalu, Kingsley Anele. “Characteristics and Potentials of Batak Art-Crafts in Indonesia.” Journal of Korean Traditional Costume 22, no. 4 (2019): 143–57. https://doi.org/10.16885/jktc.2019.12.22.4.143.
Lubis, Januardi Rosyidi, Sandi, Deka Maita. “Museum Digital Ulos Berbasis Android.” Basicedu 5, no. 1 (2021): 256–71. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31004/basicedu.v5i1.649.
Lumbantobing, Philip. The Structure of the Toba-Batak Belief in the High God. Amsterdam: Jacob van Campen, 1956.
Manurung, Darwin Herlis, Izak M. Lattu, and Rama Tulus. “Struktur Cosmos Masyarakat Batak Dalam Simbol Ulos.” Anthropos: Jurnal Antropologi Sosial Dan Budaya (Journal of Social and Cultural Anthropology) 6, no. 1 (2020): 31–40. https://doi.org/10.24114/antro.v6i1.16603.
Niessen, Sandra. Legacy in Cloth Batak Textiles of Indonesia. Leiden: Kitlv Press, 2009. http://www.sandraniessen.com/media/other/35794/Lic-sample.pdf.
Nugraheny, Dian Erika. “Resmikan Kampung Ulos Huta Raja, Jokowi: Semoga Konservasi Warisan Pusaka Bisa Kita Kerjakan.” Kompas, February 2, 2022. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2022/02/02/21562201/resmikan-kampung-ulos-huta-raja-jokowi-semoga-konservasi-warisan-pusaka-bisa.
Nugroho, Catur, Iis Kurnia Nurhayati, Kharisma Nasionalita, and Ruth Mei Ulina Malau. “Weaving and Cultural Identity of Batak Toba Women.” Journal of Asian and African Studies 56, no. 6 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909620958032.
Pane, Imam Faisal, and Rofi Bintang Mishael. “Designing of Samosir Ulos Weaving Craft Center by Metaphorical Architecture.” International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism 3, no. 3 (2019): 241–51. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.32734/ijau.v3i3.3739.
Pangaribuan, Yetty. “Penekanan Unsur Dekoratif Melalui Aplikasi Ornamen Ulos Batak Toba Pada Perancangan Busana.” Generasi Kampus 6, no. 2 (2013). https://jurnal.unimed.ac.id/2012/index.php/gk/article/view/7093.
Puspitawati, Indah. “17 AGUSTUS - Serial Pahlawan Nasional: Sisingamangaraja XII.” Tribunnews, August 1, 2019. https://www.tribunnewswiki.com/2019/08/01/pahlawan-nasional-sisingamangaraja-xii.
Qutoshi, Sadruddin Bahadur. “Phenomenology: A Philosophy and Method of Inquiry.” Journal of Education and Educational Developement 5, no. 1 (2018): 215–22. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1180603.pdf.
Rachmawati, Rachmawati. “Jokowi Minta Kampung Ulos Di Samosir Ditata Jadi Destinasi Wisata.” Kompas, July 31, 2019. https://regional.kompas.com/read/2019/07/31/16120531/jokowi-minta-kampung-ulos-di-samosir-ditata-jadi-destinasi-wisata.
Redaksi. “Kampung Ulos Huta Raja Diresmikan, Jokowi Ingin Pelestarian Warisan Pusaka Tanah Air.” Waspada, February 3, 2022. https://waspada.co.id/2022/02/kampung-ulos-huta-raja-diresmikan-jokowi-ingin-pelestarian-warisan-pusaka-tanah-air/.
Saramifar, Younes. “Objects, Object-Ness, and Shadows of Meanings: Carving Prayer Beads and Exploring Their Materiality alongside a Khaksari Sufi Murshid.” Material Religion 14, no. 3 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/17432200.2018.1487765.
Schefold, Reimar. “Three Sources of Ritual Blessings in Traditional Indonesian Societies.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal, Land En Volkenkunde 157, no. 2 (2001): 359–81. https://brill.com/view/journals/bki/157/2/article-p359_5.xml?language=en.
Sihombing, Adison Adrianus. “Mengenal Budaya Batak Toba Melalui Falsafah ‘Dalihan Na Tolu’ (Perspektif Kohesi Dan Kerukunan) - Introductory of Batak Toba Culture with Philosophy of Dalihan Na Tolu (Cohesion Perspective and Harmony).” Jurnal Lektur Keagamaan 16, no. 2 (2016): 347–71. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31291/jlk.v16i2.553.
Simarmata. “Ulos Batak: Sejarah, Makna Dan Jenisnya.” Simarmata.or.id. Accessed February 28, 2022. http://simarmata.or.id/2016/04/ulos-batak-sejarah-makna-dan-jenisnya/.
Sinaga, Anicetus Bongsu. “Inculturation Experimental Theology Among the Toba-Bataks of North Sumatra: Incarnation-Pascal Approach.” Logos 7, no. 1 (2009): 53–82.
———. The Toba-Batak High God, Transcendence and Immanence. Anthropos. West Germany, 1981.
Sirait, Destien Mistavakia, and Dasrun Hidayat. “POLA KOMUNIKASI PADA PROSESI MANGULOSI DALAM PERNIKAHAN BUDAYA ADAT BATAK TOBA.” J-IKA 2, no. 1 (2015): 23–31. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31294/kom.v2i1.199.
Siregar, B., I. P.S. Panggabean, Fahmi, and A. Hizriadi. “Classification of Traditional Ulos of Batak Toba Ssing Probabilistic Neural Network.” In Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1882:1–9, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1882/1/012131.
Siringoringo, Rodearni, Ridwan, Melay, Tugiman. “MAKNA SIMBOLIK DAN FUNGSI ULOS MASYARAT BATAK TOBA KABUPATEN SAMOSIR.” Jurnal Online Mahasiswa (JOM) Bidang Keguruan Dan Ilmu Pendidikan 5, no. 1 (2018): 1–10. https://jom.unri.ac.id/index.php/JOMFKIP/article/view/19524.
Situmorang, Irna Maria, and Bahrul Khair. “Eksistensi Ulos Pada Upacara Kematian Sari Matua Pada Masyarakat Batak Toba.” Anthropos: Jurnal Antropologi Sosial Dan Budaya 2, no. 1 (2016): 76–90. https://jurnal.unimed.ac.id/2012/index.php/antrophos/article/view/7501.
Team Tobatoba. “Jenis Ulos Dan Fungsi Ulos Tersebut Didalam Kehidupan Adat Batak.” Tobatoba, 2017. https://www.tobatabo.com/1958+beberapa-jenis-ulos-batak-berdasarkan-fungsi-ulos-batak-.htm.
Tinambunan, Edison R.L. “Batak Toba Ethnic in Indonesia as a Locus Theologicus: Exploring the Spiritual, Wisdom and Aesthetic Values of Ragi Idup Ulos.” International Journal of Indonesian Philosophy & Theology, 4, no. 1 (2023): 53–63. https://doi.org/10.47043/ijipth.v4i1.47.
Tobing, R. R., and A. K. Sakti. “Identification of the Architectural Housing Form and the Existence of Ulos Communities in Hutaraja Village, Samosir, North Sumatra, Indonesia.” In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 903:1–11, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/903/1/012007.
Truna, Dody S. “The Illustrations of Indigenization of Islam in Indonesian Cultural Landscape.” Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama Dan Lintas Budaya 5, no. 3 (2021): 337–46. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15575/rjsalb.v5i3.13804.
Widiarini, Anissa Dea. “Hari Ulos Nasional, Mari Telisik Makna Di Balik Keindahannya.” Kompas, October 17, 2020. https://travel.kompas.com/read/2020/10/17/090400427/hari-ulos-nasional-mari-telisik-makna-di-balik-keindahannya.
Alase, Abayomi. “The Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA): A Guide to a Good Qualitative Research Approach.” International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies 5, no. 2 (April 30, 2017): 9. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.5n.2p.9.
Alubafi, Mathias F., and Chammah J. Kaunda. “Embodied Ancestors: Religious Objects, Moral Actions and Well-Being in the Cameroon Western Grassfields.” HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies 75, no. 1 (July 10, 2019). https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v75i1.5174.
Angerler, Johann. “Images of God in Toba Batak Storytelling.” Wacana 17, no. 2 (July 1, 2016): 303–35. https://doi.org/10.17510/wacana.v17i2.444.
Aritonang, Oktober Tua. “The Development of Instructional Model for the Weaving of ULOS Batak Toba Aided with Audiovisual Media in Sman 1 Tarutung.” International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences 3, no. 4 (2018): 510–13. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijels.3.4.5.
Awang, Jaffary, and Yusri Mohamad Ramli. “Theological and Phenomenological Methods in Teaching Comparative Religion Courses.” In Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 18, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.05.026.
Danz, Christian. “Religious Diversity and the Concept of Religion.” Neue Zeitschrift Für Systematische Theologie Und Religionsphilosophie 62, no. 1 (March 2, 2020): 101–13. https://doi.org/10.1515/nzsth-2020-0004.
Desiani, Inestya Fitri. “Simbol Dalam Kain Ulos Pada Suku Batak Toba.” Jurnal Ilmu Budaya 18, no. 2 (2022): 127–37. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31849/jib.v18i2.9466.
Duranti, Duranti. “Husserl, Intersubjectivity and Anthropology.” Anthropology Theory 10, no. 1 (2010): 1–20. https://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/faculty/duranti/Husserl-Intersubject-AT.pdf.
Fitinline. “Jenis-Jenis Kain Ulos Batak Lengkap Dengan Fungsi Dan Makna Filosofi Yang Terdandung Di Dalamnya.” Fitinline, 2019. https://fitinline.com/article/read/jenis-jenis-kain-ulos-batak-lengkap-dengan-fungsi-dan-makna-filosofi-yang-terkandung-didalamnya/.
Frazier, Jessica. “Become This Whole World: The Phenomenology of Metaphysical Religion in Chāndogya Upaniṣad 6-8.” Religions 10, no. 6 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/rel10060368.
Hana, Hana. “Fakta Sejarah, Raja Tapanuli-Sisingamangaraja Lawan Kompeni.” SejarahOne, January 10, 2021. https://www.sejarahone.id/fakta-sejarah-raja-tapanuli-sisingamangaraja-lawan-kompeni/.
Hasibuan, Rizki Ananda, Rochmat, Saefur. “Ulos as Batak Cultural Wisdom Towards World Heritage.” BirLE-Journal 4, no. 2 (2020): 853–64. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33258/birle.v4i2.1865.
Husserl, Edmund. The Idea of Phenomenology. Edited by George Nakhnikian William P. Alston. Michigan: Martinus Nijhoff - The Hague, 1817. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.49015002052539&view=1up&seq=13&skin=2021.
Hutauruk, Victory Arrival. “Presiden Jokowi Terkejut Lihat Perubahan Kampung Ulos Samosir Sejak 2,5 Tahun Diperintahkan Ditata.” Tribun-Medan. February 3, 2022. https://medan.tribunnews.com/2022/02/03/presiden-jokowi-terkejut-lihat-perubahan-kampung-ulos-samosir-sejak-25-tahun-diperintahkan-ditata.
Jong, P.E. de Josselin de. “Philip Lumban Tobing: The Structure of the Toba Batak Belief in the High God.” KITLV. Accessed April 12, 2022. file:///C:/Users/WINDOWS/Downloads/[22134379 - Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde _ Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia] Book Reviews (3).pdf.
Jung, Jong Hyun. “Sense of Divine Involvement and Sense of Meaning in Life: Religious Tradition as a Contingency.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 54, no. 1 (March 2015): 119–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12170.
Kalu, Kingsley Anele. “Characteristics and Potentials of Batak Art-Crafts in Indonesia.” Journal of Korean Traditional Costume 22, no. 4 (2019): 143–57. https://doi.org/10.16885/jktc.2019.12.22.4.143.
Lubis, Januardi Rosyidi, Sandi, Deka Maita. “Museum Digital Ulos Berbasis Android.” Basicedu 5, no. 1 (2021): 256–71. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31004/basicedu.v5i1.649.
Lumbantobing, Philip. The Structure of the Toba-Batak Belief in the High God. Amsterdam: Jacob van Campen, 1956.
Manurung, Darwin Herlis, Izak M. Lattu, and Rama Tulus. “Struktur Cosmos Masyarakat Batak Dalam Simbol Ulos.” Anthropos: Jurnal Antropologi Sosial Dan Budaya (Journal of Social and Cultural Anthropology) 6, no. 1 (2020): 31–40. https://doi.org/10.24114/antro.v6i1.16603.
Niessen, Sandra. Legacy in Cloth Batak Textiles of Indonesia. Leiden: Kitlv Press, 2009. http://www.sandraniessen.com/media/other/35794/Lic-sample.pdf.
Nugraheny, Dian Erika. “Resmikan Kampung Ulos Huta Raja, Jokowi: Semoga Konservasi Warisan Pusaka Bisa Kita Kerjakan.” Kompas, February 2, 2022. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2022/02/02/21562201/resmikan-kampung-ulos-huta-raja-jokowi-semoga-konservasi-warisan-pusaka-bisa.
Nugroho, Catur, Iis Kurnia Nurhayati, Kharisma Nasionalita, and Ruth Mei Ulina Malau. “Weaving and Cultural Identity of Batak Toba Women.” Journal of Asian and African Studies 56, no. 6 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909620958032.
Pane, Imam Faisal, and Rofi Bintang Mishael. “Designing of Samosir Ulos Weaving Craft Center by Metaphorical Architecture.” International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism 3, no. 3 (2019): 241–51. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.32734/ijau.v3i3.3739.
Pangaribuan, Yetty. “Penekanan Unsur Dekoratif Melalui Aplikasi Ornamen Ulos Batak Toba Pada Perancangan Busana.” Generasi Kampus 6, no. 2 (2013). https://jurnal.unimed.ac.id/2012/index.php/gk/article/view/7093.
Puspitawati, Indah. “17 AGUSTUS - Serial Pahlawan Nasional: Sisingamangaraja XII.” Tribunnews, August 1, 2019. https://www.tribunnewswiki.com/2019/08/01/pahlawan-nasional-sisingamangaraja-xii.
Qutoshi, Sadruddin Bahadur. “Phenomenology: A Philosophy and Method of Inquiry.” Journal of Education and Educational Developement 5, no. 1 (2018): 215–22. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1180603.pdf.
Rachmawati, Rachmawati. “Jokowi Minta Kampung Ulos Di Samosir Ditata Jadi Destinasi Wisata.” Kompas, July 31, 2019. https://regional.kompas.com/read/2019/07/31/16120531/jokowi-minta-kampung-ulos-di-samosir-ditata-jadi-destinasi-wisata.
Redaksi. “Kampung Ulos Huta Raja Diresmikan, Jokowi Ingin Pelestarian Warisan Pusaka Tanah Air.” Waspada, February 3, 2022. https://waspada.co.id/2022/02/kampung-ulos-huta-raja-diresmikan-jokowi-ingin-pelestarian-warisan-pusaka-tanah-air/.
Saramifar, Younes. “Objects, Object-Ness, and Shadows of Meanings: Carving Prayer Beads and Exploring Their Materiality alongside a Khaksari Sufi Murshid.” Material Religion 14, no. 3 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/17432200.2018.1487765.
Schefold, Reimar. “Three Sources of Ritual Blessings in Traditional Indonesian Societies.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal, Land En Volkenkunde 157, no. 2 (2001): 359–81. https://brill.com/view/journals/bki/157/2/article-p359_5.xml?language=en.
Sihombing, Adison Adrianus. “Mengenal Budaya Batak Toba Melalui Falsafah ‘Dalihan Na Tolu’ (Perspektif Kohesi Dan Kerukunan) - Introductory of Batak Toba Culture with Philosophy of Dalihan Na Tolu (Cohesion Perspective and Harmony).” Jurnal Lektur Keagamaan 16, no. 2 (2016): 347–71. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31291/jlk.v16i2.553.
Simarmata. “Ulos Batak: Sejarah, Makna Dan Jenisnya.” Simarmata.or.id. Accessed February 28, 2022. http://simarmata.or.id/2016/04/ulos-batak-sejarah-makna-dan-jenisnya/.
Sinaga, Anicetus Bongsu. “Inculturation Experimental Theology Among the Toba-Bataks of North Sumatra: Incarnation-Pascal Approach.” Logos 7, no. 1 (2009): 53–82.
———. The Toba-Batak High God, Transcendence and Immanence. Anthropos. West Germany, 1981.
Sirait, Destien Mistavakia, and Dasrun Hidayat. “POLA KOMUNIKASI PADA PROSESI MANGULOSI DALAM PERNIKAHAN BUDAYA ADAT BATAK TOBA.” J-IKA 2, no. 1 (2015): 23–31. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31294/kom.v2i1.199.
Siregar, B., I. P.S. Panggabean, Fahmi, and A. Hizriadi. “Classification of Traditional Ulos of Batak Toba Ssing Probabilistic Neural Network.” In Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1882:1–9, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1882/1/012131.
Siringoringo, Rodearni, Ridwan, Melay, Tugiman. “MAKNA SIMBOLIK DAN FUNGSI ULOS MASYARAT BATAK TOBA KABUPATEN SAMOSIR.” Jurnal Online Mahasiswa (JOM) Bidang Keguruan Dan Ilmu Pendidikan 5, no. 1 (2018): 1–10. https://jom.unri.ac.id/index.php/JOMFKIP/article/view/19524.
Situmorang, Irna Maria, and Bahrul Khair. “Eksistensi Ulos Pada Upacara Kematian Sari Matua Pada Masyarakat Batak Toba.” Anthropos: Jurnal Antropologi Sosial Dan Budaya 2, no. 1 (2016): 76–90. https://jurnal.unimed.ac.id/2012/index.php/antrophos/article/view/7501.
Team Tobatoba. “Jenis Ulos Dan Fungsi Ulos Tersebut Didalam Kehidupan Adat Batak.” Tobatoba, 2017. https://www.tobatabo.com/1958+beberapa-jenis-ulos-batak-berdasarkan-fungsi-ulos-batak-.htm.
Tinambunan, Edison R.L. “Batak Toba Ethnic in Indonesia as a Locus Theologicus: Exploring the Spiritual, Wisdom and Aesthetic Values of Ragi Idup Ulos.” International Journal of Indonesian Philosophy & Theology, 4, no. 1 (2023): 53–63. https://doi.org/10.47043/ijipth.v4i1.47.
Tobing, R. R., and A. K. Sakti. “Identification of the Architectural Housing Form and the Existence of Ulos Communities in Hutaraja Village, Samosir, North Sumatra, Indonesia.” In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 903:1–11, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/903/1/012007.
Truna, Dody S. “The Illustrations of Indigenization of Islam in Indonesian Cultural Landscape.” Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama Dan Lintas Budaya 5, no. 3 (2021): 337–46. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15575/rjsalb.v5i3.13804.
Widiarini, Anissa Dea. “Hari Ulos Nasional, Mari Telisik Makna Di Balik Keindahannya.” Kompas, October 17, 2020. https://travel.kompas.com/read/2020/10/17/090400427/hari-ulos-nasional-mari-telisik-makna-di-balik-keindahannya.
