Moderasi Beragama di Indonesia: Perspektif Filsafat Chuang Tzu
Keywords:
Chuang Tzu, Moderation, Religion, Things
Abstract
This article employs an expository-critical approach to Chuang Tzu‟s philosophical concept of equality of things and opinions. Its main purpose is to offer an alternative paradigm for religious moderation in Indonesia. The question that this article addressed is: “What is the relevance of Chuang Tzu‟s concept of the equality of objects and opinions for religious moderation in Indonesia?” This article finds that Chuang Tzu‟s philosophy provides an epistemological and metaphysical basis for religious moderation in Indonesia. Epistemologically, religions are the result of limited human contemplation, construction, and conception dealing with the Infinite Reality. Metaphysically, religions are equal because they originate from one and the same Infinite Reality. This epistemological-metaphysical frame guides different religions in Indonesia to maintain legal-formal commitments regarding the rights and freedoms of every citizen, accept differences and be flexible in religious insights, provide non-violent actions, and respect local wisdom. Finally, this article proposes that all problems that still hinder religious moderation in Indonesia can be solved through a humanist approach to radical religious groups, inter- and intra-religious dialogue, and dialogue between religion and local culture
References
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____. The Essential Chuang Tzu. Translated and edited by Sam Hamill and J. P. Seaton. Boston: Shambala, 1998.
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Watson, Burton. “Introduction.” In Chuang Tzu Basic Writings. Translated by Burton Watson. New York: Colombia University Press, 1996.
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Chong, Kim-chong. “Introduction.” In Dao Companion to the Philosophy of the Zhuangzi. Edited by Kim-chong Chong, 1-12. Gewerbestrasse, Switzerland: Springer, 2022.
Co, Alfredo P. The Blooming of a Hundred Flowers: Philosophy of Ancient China. Manila: UST Publishing House, 2005.
Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia. Kamus Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Pusat Bahasa, 2008.
Djunatan, Stefanus. “Menjadi Bahagia di Jalan Dao (道): Kebahagiaan Sejati Menurut Chuang Tzu (Huangzi 莊子).” Melintas 36, no. 1 (2020): 24-46. https://journal.unpar.ac.id/index.php/ melintas/article/ view/4679/3227.
Dung, Vo Van. “The Outlook of the Life in Zhuangzi’s Philosophical Ideology.” Palarch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology 18, no. 7(2021): 429-438. https://archives.palarch.nl/index. php/jae/article/ view/7752/7286.
Gross, Philippe L., and S.I. Saphiro. “Incongruity and the Evocation of Great Knowledge in the ChuangTzu.” International Journal of Transpersonal Studies 13, no. 2 (1994): 56-65.
https://digitalcommons.ciis.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1431&context=ijts-transpersonalstudies.
Habermas, Jürgen. “Notes on a Post-Secular Society.” 18 Juni 2008. http://www.signandsight.com/ features/1714.html (diakses 2 September 2023).
Habermas, Jürgen. Religion and Rationality: Essays on Reason, God, and Modernity. Edited and with an introduction by Eduardo Mendieta. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2002.
Houston, Aidan, and Peter Mandaville. “The Role of Religion in Rusia’s War on Ukraine.” March 17, 2022.
https://www.usip.org/publications/2022/03/role-religion-russias-war-ukraine (diakses 25 Agustus 2023).
Hu, Hslad and William Cully Allen. Taoism. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2005.
Jamaluddin. “Implementasi Moderasi Beragama di Tengah Multikulturalitas Indonesia: Analisis Kebijakan Implementatif pada Kementerian Agama.” As-Salam: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman 7, no. 1 (2022): 1-13.
https://www.journal.stai-yamisa.ac.id/index.php/assalam/ article/view/62/51.
Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia. Moderasi Beragama. Prolog Lukman Hakim Saifuddin. Cetakan Pertama. Jakarta: Kementerian Agama RI, 2019.
Khotari, C.R. Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. Second Revised Edition. New Delhi, India: New Age International, 2004.
Kohn, Livia. “Zhuangzi and Religious Daoism.” In Dao Companion to the Philosophy of the Tzuangzi. Edited by Kim-Chong Chond, 357-557. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2022.
Kosuta, Matthew, “Postcolonial Religious Conflict in Southeast Asia.” Education About Asia 22, no. 1 (Spring, 2017): 24-30. https://www.asianstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/postcolonial-religious-conflict-in-southeast-asia.pdf.
Kurniawan, Budi. “Politisasi Agama di Tahun Politik: Politik Pasca-Kebenaran di Indonesia dan Ancaman Bagi Demokrasi.” Jurnal Sosiologi Agama 12, no. 1 (Januari-Juni, 2018): 133-154, http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/jsa.2018/121-07.133-154.
Kwok, Sai Hang. “Zhuangzi’s Philosophy of Thing.” Asian Philosophy 26, no. 4 (2016): 294-310.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09552367.2016.1244883.
Latuconsina, Adam, Muhammad Kashai Ramdhani Pelupessy, dan Ainun Diana Lating. “Pengaruh Skema Religius dan Empati terhadap Perilaku Toleransi Masyarakat Ambon di Maluku.” Jurnal Dialog 46, no. 2, (2023): 14-25. htps://doi.org/10, https://doi.org/10.47655/dialog.v46i1.689.
Lie, Agustinus. “Mengejar dan Melupakan Kebahagiaan dalam Perspektif Zhuangzi.” Prosiding Seri Filsafat Teologi Widya Sasana 31, no. 30 (2021): 91-102, http://eprosiding.stftws.ac.id/index.php/ serifilsafat/article/view/159/153.
Lo, Yuet Keung. “The Authorship of the Zhuangzi.” In Dao Companion to the Philosophy of the Tzuangzi. Edited by Kim-chong Chong, 43-97. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2022.
Luk, Kei Yeung. “Inner Alchemy and Mystical Experience in the Zhuangzi.” In Dao Companion to the Philosophy of the Tzuangzi. Edited by Kim-Chong Chond, 515-553. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2022.
Ma, Shanshan. “The Religiousness of Cultivation in the Zhuangzi: ‘The Unity of Self” of Zuowang 坐忘. Religions 166, no. 12 (2023): 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14050612.
Mair, Victor H. “Introduction.” In Wandering on the Way: Early Taoist Tales and Parables of Chuang Tzu. Translated by Victor H. Mair, xvii-lv. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 1998.
Mambrol, Nasrullah. “The Philosophy of Zhuangzi.” 21 April 2019. https://literariness.org/2019/04/ 21/the-philosophy-of-zhuangzi/ (diakses 2 September 2023).
Parliament of the World’s Religions. “Declaration Toward a Global Ethic.” Chicago, U.S.A., 4 September 1993. https://s3.amazonaws.com/berkley-center/930904KungParliamentDeclaration TowardGlobal Ethic.pdf (diakses 23 Agustus 2023).
Safi, Jamin. “Konflik Komunal: Maluku 1999-2000.” Istoria: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Ilmu Sejarah 13, no. 1, (2017): 33-44. https://doi.org/10.21831/istoria.v13i1.17615.
Setara Institute. “Pembubaran Peribadatan dan Penolakan Tempat Ibadah di Berbagai Daerah: Pembangkangan Atas Arahan Presiden.” 22 Februari 2022. https://setara-institute.org/ pembubaran-peribadatan-dan-penolakan-tempat-ibadah-di-berbagai-daerah-pembangkangan-atas-arahan-presiden/ (diakses 2 September 2023).
Taufiq, Firmanda dan Ayu Maulida Alkholid. “Peran Kementerian Agama dalam Mempromosikan Moderasi Beragama di Era Digital.” Jurnal Ilmu Dakwah 41 no. 2 (2021): 134-147. https://journal.walisongo.ac.id/ index.php/dakwah/article/view/9364/3790.
Tzu, Chuang. Basic Writings. Translated by Burton Watson. New York: Colombia University Press, 1996.
____. The Complete Works of Chuang Tzu. Translated by Burton Watson. New York: Colombia University Press, 1968.
____. Wandering on the Way: Early Taoist Tales and Parables of Chuang Tzu. Translated by Victor H. Mair. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 1998.
____. The Essential Chuang Tzu. Translated and edited by Sam Hamill and J. P. Seaton. Boston: Shambala, 1998.
Warburton, Eve. “Polarisation in Indonesia: What if Perception is Reality?” 16 April 2019.
https://www.newmandala.org/how-polarised-is-indonesia/ (diakses 1 September 2023).
Watson, Burton. “Introduction.” In Chuang Tzu Basic Writings. Translated by Burton Watson. New York: Colombia University Press, 1996.
Wibawananto, Agung. “Beribadah Kalah dengan Aksi Demo, Dimana Kebebasan Beragama?” 19 Januari 2019. https://imparsial.org/ beribadah-kalah-dengan-aksi-demo-dimana-kebebasan-beragama/ (diakses 2 September 2023).
Widian, Risky, Putu Agung Nara Indra Prima Satya, and Sylvia Yazid. “Religion in Indonesia’s Elections: An Implementation of a Populist Strategy?” Politics and Religion 16, no. 2, (2023): 351–373 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755048321000195.
