DISKUSI DOKTRIN “INTRINSECE MALUM” SEBELUM DAN SESUDAH VERITATIS SPLENDOR
Keywords:
Malum, intrinsece malum, veritatis splendor, revisionis, tradisionalis
Abstract
The study examines the debate between the revisionists who wanted to revise or even abandon the doctrine of intrinsece malum ex objecto and the traditionalists who defended it which hinges on three basic issues: 1. Can the morality of the human act be assessed merely from its object independent of circumstances and the agent’s intention? 2. Can universal immutable prohibitive norms be truly absolute and exceptionless in conflict situations? 3. What further theological issues arise from the discussion? After examining their discussions which are situated in before and after Veritatis Splendor, the thesis concludes that the root cause of the debate was the different ways in defining intrinsece malum ex objecto by tradition, particularly that of casuistry and of the ethical theory. While reaffirming the doctrine, Pope John Paul II taught the fundamental points which he meant to reshape the discussion and bring the discourse back to its proper moral theological status.
References
Dokumen Gereja:
GS – Gaudium et Spes
HV – Humanae Vitae
VS – Veritatis Splendor
BOYLE Joseph M. Jr., “The Principle of Double Effect: Good Actions Entangled in Evil”, in Moral Theology Today. Certitudes and Doubts, ed. D.G. McCarthy, St. Louis (MO): Pope John Centre, 1984, 243 – 260.
______, “Human Action, Natural Rhythms, and Contraception: A Response to Noonan”, in American Journal of Jurisprudence 26 (1981), 32-46.
CAHILL Lisa Sowle, “Contemporary Challenges to Exceptionless Moral Norms”, in Moral Theology Today: Certitudes and Doubts, ed. D.G. McCarthy, St. Louis (MO): Pope John XXIII Center, 1984, 121-135.
CONNERY John R., “Morality of Consequences: A Critical Appraisal”, in Theological Studies 34 (1973), 396-414.
______, “Catholic Ethics: Has the Norm for Rule-Making Changed?”, in Theological Studies 42 (1981), 232-250.
______, “The Teleology of Proportionate Reason”, in Theological Studies 44 (1983), 489-496.
______, “The Basis for Certain Key Exceptionless Moral Norms in Contemporary Catholic Thought”, in Moral Theology Today. Certitudes and Doubts, ed. D.G. McCarthy, St. Louis (MO): Pope John Centre, 1984, 182-192.
FINNIS John, “Object and Intention in Moral Judgments According to Aquinas”, in The Thomist 55 (1991), 1-27.
______, Moral Absolutes: Tradition, Revision and Truth, Washington (DC): The Catholic University of America Press, 1991.
FUCHS Josef, Christian Ethics in a Secular Arena, Washington DC: Georgetown University Press, 1984 ______, “The Absoluteness of Moral Terms”, in Gregorianum 52 (1971), 415-458.
______, “Good Act and Good Persons”, in Understanding Veritatis Splendor, ed. John Wilkins, London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1994, 21-26.
GRISEZ Germain, “Against Consequentialism”, in American Journal of Jurisprudence 23 (1978), 21-72.
______, “Christian Moral Theology and Consequentialism”, in Principles of Catholic Moral Life, ed. William E. May, Chicago 1981, 293-327.
______, “Moral Absolutes: A Critique of the View of Josef Fuchs, S.J.”, in Anthropotes 1 (1985) 155-183.
GULA Richard M., Reason Informed by Faith, Foundation of Catholic Morality, New York/Mahwah: Paulist Press, 1989, 273.
HÄRING Bernard, Medial Ethics, Slough, 1972, 108-109.
HOOSE Bernard, Proportionalism: The American Debate and Its European Roots, Washington (DC): Georgetown University Press, 1987.
______, “Circumstances, Intentions and Intrinsically Evil Acts”, in The Splendor of Accuracy, An Examination of The Assertions made by Veritatis Splendor, ed. Joseph Selling & Jan Jans, Kok Pharos, Kampen, The Nederlands 1994, 136-152.
JANSSENS Louis, “Ontic Evil and Moral Evil”, in Louvain Studies 4 (197273), 115-156.
______, “Norms and Priorities in a Love Ethics”, in Louvain Studies (1977), 207-238.
______, “Saint Thomas Aquinas and the Question of Proportionality”, in Louvain Studies 9 (1982-83), 26-46.
______, “Ontic Good and Evil - Premoral Values and Disvalues”, in Louvain Studies 12 (1987) 62-82.
______, “Teleology and Proportionality: Thoughts about the Encyclical Veritatis Splendor”, in The Splendor of Accuracy, An Examination of The Assertions made by Veritatis Splendor, ed. Joseph Selling & Jan Jans, Kok Pharos, Kampen, The Nederlands 1994, 99-113.
KACZOR Christopher (ed.), Proportionalism: For and Against, Milwaukee (WI): Marquette University Press, 2000.
______, Proportionalism and The Natural Law Tradition, Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 2002.
KAUFMAN Philip S., Why You Can Disagree dan Reamain a Faithful Catholic, New York: Crossroad, 1995, 137-141.
KIELY Bartholomew, “The Impracticability of Proportionalism”, in Gregorianum 66 (1985), 655-685.
KNAUER Peter, “The Hermeneutic Function of the Principle of Double Effect”, in Readings in Moral Theology No. 1: Moral Norms and Catholic Tradition, ed. Charles E. Curran & Richard A. McCormick, New York: Paulist Press, 1979, 1-39.
______, “A Good End Does Not Justify an Evil Means - Even in a Teleological Ethics”, in Personalist Morals. Essays in Honor of Professor Louis Janssens, ed. Joseph Selling, Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1988, 71-85.
LONERGAN Bernard, “Theology in Its New Context” in Theology in Renewal, vol. I: Renewal of Religious Thought, ed. L.K. SHOOK, Herder and Herder, New York 1968, 34-46.
______, “Transition from a Classicist World-View to Historical Mindedness,” in Law for Liberty, ed. James E. Biechler, Baltimore: Helicon Press, 1967, 126-133.
MAY William E., “Aquinas and Janssens on the Moral Meaning of Human Acts”, in The Thomist 48 (1984), 566-606.
______, “Veritatis Splendor: An Overview of the Encyclical”, in Communio: International Catholic Review 21 (Summer 1994), 1-23.
______, “The Splendour of Accuracy: How Accurate?”, in The Thomist 59 (1994), 171-195.
______, “Pope John Paul II, Moral Theology, and Moral Theologians”, in Veritatis Splendor and the Renewal of Moral Theology, ed. J.A. DiNoia and Romanus Cessario, Princeton (NJ)/Huntington (IN): Scepter Publishers, Our Sunday Visitor Inc, 1999, 211-240.
McCORMICK Richard, Ambiguity in Moral Choice, Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1973.
______, “Proportionalism: Clarification Through Dialogue”, in Readings in Moral Theology, no. 11: The Historical Development of Fundamental Moral Theology in the United States, ed. Charles E. Curran & Richard A. McCormick, New York: Paulist Press 1999, 181-199.
______, “Killing The Patient”, in Understanding Veritatis Splendor, ed. John Wilkins, London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1994, 14-20.
______, “Some Early Reactions to Veritatis Splendor”, in Theological Studies 55 (1994), 481-506.
MURTAGH James, Intrinsece Malum: An Examination of This Concepts and Its Place in Current Discussion on Absolute Moral Norms, Dissertation (excerpt), Rome: Pontifical Gregorian University, 1973.
PINCKAERS Servais, Ce qu’on ne peut jamais faire. La question des actes intrinsèquement mauvais: Historie et discussion, Paris: Editions Universitaires Freibourg, Suisse, Editions du Cerf, 1986.
______, « La question des actes intrinsèquement mauvais et le proportionalisme », in Revue Thomiste 82 (1982), 181-212.
SALZMAN Todd A., Deontology and Teleology: an Investigation of the Normative Debate in Roman Catholic Theology, Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1995.
WALTER James J., “Proportionate Reasoning and its Three Levels of Inquiry: Structuring the Ongoing Debate”, in Louvain Studies 10 (1984), 30-40.
______, “The Foundation and Formulation of Norms”, in Moral Theology: Challenges For The Future, ed. Charles E. Curran, New York: Paulist Press, 1990, 125-154.
GS – Gaudium et Spes
HV – Humanae Vitae
VS – Veritatis Splendor
BOYLE Joseph M. Jr., “The Principle of Double Effect: Good Actions Entangled in Evil”, in Moral Theology Today. Certitudes and Doubts, ed. D.G. McCarthy, St. Louis (MO): Pope John Centre, 1984, 243 – 260.
______, “Human Action, Natural Rhythms, and Contraception: A Response to Noonan”, in American Journal of Jurisprudence 26 (1981), 32-46.
CAHILL Lisa Sowle, “Contemporary Challenges to Exceptionless Moral Norms”, in Moral Theology Today: Certitudes and Doubts, ed. D.G. McCarthy, St. Louis (MO): Pope John XXIII Center, 1984, 121-135.
CONNERY John R., “Morality of Consequences: A Critical Appraisal”, in Theological Studies 34 (1973), 396-414.
______, “Catholic Ethics: Has the Norm for Rule-Making Changed?”, in Theological Studies 42 (1981), 232-250.
______, “The Teleology of Proportionate Reason”, in Theological Studies 44 (1983), 489-496.
______, “The Basis for Certain Key Exceptionless Moral Norms in Contemporary Catholic Thought”, in Moral Theology Today. Certitudes and Doubts, ed. D.G. McCarthy, St. Louis (MO): Pope John Centre, 1984, 182-192.
FINNIS John, “Object and Intention in Moral Judgments According to Aquinas”, in The Thomist 55 (1991), 1-27.
______, Moral Absolutes: Tradition, Revision and Truth, Washington (DC): The Catholic University of America Press, 1991.
FUCHS Josef, Christian Ethics in a Secular Arena, Washington DC: Georgetown University Press, 1984 ______, “The Absoluteness of Moral Terms”, in Gregorianum 52 (1971), 415-458.
______, “Good Act and Good Persons”, in Understanding Veritatis Splendor, ed. John Wilkins, London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1994, 21-26.
GRISEZ Germain, “Against Consequentialism”, in American Journal of Jurisprudence 23 (1978), 21-72.
______, “Christian Moral Theology and Consequentialism”, in Principles of Catholic Moral Life, ed. William E. May, Chicago 1981, 293-327.
______, “Moral Absolutes: A Critique of the View of Josef Fuchs, S.J.”, in Anthropotes 1 (1985) 155-183.
GULA Richard M., Reason Informed by Faith, Foundation of Catholic Morality, New York/Mahwah: Paulist Press, 1989, 273.
HÄRING Bernard, Medial Ethics, Slough, 1972, 108-109.
HOOSE Bernard, Proportionalism: The American Debate and Its European Roots, Washington (DC): Georgetown University Press, 1987.
______, “Circumstances, Intentions and Intrinsically Evil Acts”, in The Splendor of Accuracy, An Examination of The Assertions made by Veritatis Splendor, ed. Joseph Selling & Jan Jans, Kok Pharos, Kampen, The Nederlands 1994, 136-152.
JANSSENS Louis, “Ontic Evil and Moral Evil”, in Louvain Studies 4 (197273), 115-156.
______, “Norms and Priorities in a Love Ethics”, in Louvain Studies (1977), 207-238.
______, “Saint Thomas Aquinas and the Question of Proportionality”, in Louvain Studies 9 (1982-83), 26-46.
______, “Ontic Good and Evil - Premoral Values and Disvalues”, in Louvain Studies 12 (1987) 62-82.
______, “Teleology and Proportionality: Thoughts about the Encyclical Veritatis Splendor”, in The Splendor of Accuracy, An Examination of The Assertions made by Veritatis Splendor, ed. Joseph Selling & Jan Jans, Kok Pharos, Kampen, The Nederlands 1994, 99-113.
KACZOR Christopher (ed.), Proportionalism: For and Against, Milwaukee (WI): Marquette University Press, 2000.
______, Proportionalism and The Natural Law Tradition, Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 2002.
KAUFMAN Philip S., Why You Can Disagree dan Reamain a Faithful Catholic, New York: Crossroad, 1995, 137-141.
KIELY Bartholomew, “The Impracticability of Proportionalism”, in Gregorianum 66 (1985), 655-685.
KNAUER Peter, “The Hermeneutic Function of the Principle of Double Effect”, in Readings in Moral Theology No. 1: Moral Norms and Catholic Tradition, ed. Charles E. Curran & Richard A. McCormick, New York: Paulist Press, 1979, 1-39.
______, “A Good End Does Not Justify an Evil Means - Even in a Teleological Ethics”, in Personalist Morals. Essays in Honor of Professor Louis Janssens, ed. Joseph Selling, Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1988, 71-85.
LONERGAN Bernard, “Theology in Its New Context” in Theology in Renewal, vol. I: Renewal of Religious Thought, ed. L.K. SHOOK, Herder and Herder, New York 1968, 34-46.
______, “Transition from a Classicist World-View to Historical Mindedness,” in Law for Liberty, ed. James E. Biechler, Baltimore: Helicon Press, 1967, 126-133.
MAY William E., “Aquinas and Janssens on the Moral Meaning of Human Acts”, in The Thomist 48 (1984), 566-606.
______, “Veritatis Splendor: An Overview of the Encyclical”, in Communio: International Catholic Review 21 (Summer 1994), 1-23.
______, “The Splendour of Accuracy: How Accurate?”, in The Thomist 59 (1994), 171-195.
______, “Pope John Paul II, Moral Theology, and Moral Theologians”, in Veritatis Splendor and the Renewal of Moral Theology, ed. J.A. DiNoia and Romanus Cessario, Princeton (NJ)/Huntington (IN): Scepter Publishers, Our Sunday Visitor Inc, 1999, 211-240.
McCORMICK Richard, Ambiguity in Moral Choice, Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1973.
______, “Proportionalism: Clarification Through Dialogue”, in Readings in Moral Theology, no. 11: The Historical Development of Fundamental Moral Theology in the United States, ed. Charles E. Curran & Richard A. McCormick, New York: Paulist Press 1999, 181-199.
______, “Killing The Patient”, in Understanding Veritatis Splendor, ed. John Wilkins, London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1994, 14-20.
______, “Some Early Reactions to Veritatis Splendor”, in Theological Studies 55 (1994), 481-506.
MURTAGH James, Intrinsece Malum: An Examination of This Concepts and Its Place in Current Discussion on Absolute Moral Norms, Dissertation (excerpt), Rome: Pontifical Gregorian University, 1973.
PINCKAERS Servais, Ce qu’on ne peut jamais faire. La question des actes intrinsèquement mauvais: Historie et discussion, Paris: Editions Universitaires Freibourg, Suisse, Editions du Cerf, 1986.
______, « La question des actes intrinsèquement mauvais et le proportionalisme », in Revue Thomiste 82 (1982), 181-212.
SALZMAN Todd A., Deontology and Teleology: an Investigation of the Normative Debate in Roman Catholic Theology, Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1995.
WALTER James J., “Proportionate Reasoning and its Three Levels of Inquiry: Structuring the Ongoing Debate”, in Louvain Studies 10 (1984), 30-40.
______, “The Foundation and Formulation of Norms”, in Moral Theology: Challenges For The Future, ed. Charles E. Curran, New York: Paulist Press, 1990, 125-154.
