DISCUSSION REGARDING THE DOCTRINES OF INTRINSECE MALUM AND THEORY OF FONTES MORALITATIS AND ST. THOMAS
Keywords:
Morality, intrinsece malum, fontes moralitatis, theory of moral assessment, St. Thomas, revisionist,, traditionalist
Abstract
Artikel ini membahas tentang diskusi di kalangan teolog moral mengenai doktrin tentang keburukan intrinsik (intrinsece malum). Doktrin ini mengajarkan bahwa suatu perbuatan dapat dipandang buruk secara moral dari dirinya sendiri, dari hakikatnya, dari objek perbuatan itu sendiri, lepas dari keadaan-keadaan yang mengelilinginya atau juga maksud pelaku. Karena keburukannya adalah dari dalam dirinya sendiri, maka perbuatan itu harus mutlak dilarang, kapanpun dan dimanapun, tanpa kekecualian. Namun diskusi persoalan-persoalan moral modern memunculkan banyak kesulitan sehubungan dengan aplikasi dari doktrin ini, sehingga diusulkan agar doktrin ini dibaharui atau ditinggalkan. Banyak persoalan yang muncul terkait dengan diskusi dari doktrin ini. Namun studi ini tidak membahas semua persoalan, melainkan membatasi diri pada persoalan dasarnya, yakni soal apakah valid suatu perbuatan dinilai buruk secara moral berdasarkan obyeknya (ex objecto), terlepas dari maksud pelaku dan keadaan-keadaan. Ini soal cara menilai moralitas perbuatan manusia. Penelaahan hal ini dikaitkan dengan teori tiga sumber perbuatan (fontes moralitatis) dan juga ajaran St. Thomas tentang penilaian moral perbuatan manusia. Dipandang dari perspektif ajaran St. Thomas, harus diakui bahwa doktrin intrinsece malum menunjukkan beberapa ketidaktepatan yang serius.
References
CHURCH’S DOCUMENT:
GS - Gaudium et Spes
HV - Humanae Vitae
VS - Veritatis Splendor
BOOKS
AQUINAS Thomas, Summa Theologiae, I-II, (English edition: Domenican Fathers of English Province, St. Thomas Aquinas. Summa Theologica, Allen Texas: Christian Classics, 1981).
CURRAN Charles E. and Richard McCORMICK (eds.), Readings in Moral Theology, No. 3: Morality and Magisterium, New York: Paulist Press, 1981.
______, Readings in Moral Theology, No. 4: The Use of Scripture in Moral Theology, New York: Paulist Press, 1982.
______, Readings in Moral Theology No. 7: Natural Law and Theology, New York: Paulist Press, 1991. FINNIS John, Moral Absolutes: Tradition, Revision and Truth, Washington (DC): The Catholic University of America Press, 1991.
FUCHS Josef, Christian Ethics in a Secular Arena, Washington DC: Georgetown University Press, 1984
______, Ricercando la verità morale, Cinisello Balsamo (MI): San Paolo, 1996. GULA Richard M., Reason Informed by Faith, Foundation of Catholic Morality, New York/Mahwah: Paulist Press, 1989, 273.
HOOSE Bernard, Proportionalism: The American Debate and Its European Roots, Washington (DC): Georgetown University Press, 1987.
______, Received Wisdom?: Reviewing the Role of Tradition in Christian Ethics, London/New York: Geoffrey Chapman, 1994.
KACZOR Christopher (ed.), Proportionalism: For and Against, Milwaukee (WI): Marquette University Press, 2000.
McCORMICK Richard, Ambiguity in Moral Choice, Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1973.
MAY William E., An Introduction to Moral Theology (Revised Edition), Huntington (IND): Our Sunday Visitor, 1994.2
MELINA Livio, Morale: tra crisi e rinnovamento: gli assoluti morale, l’opzione fondamentale, la formazione della coscienza, Milano: Ares, 1993.
MURTAGH James, Intrinsece Malum: An Examination of This Concepts and Its Place in Current Discussion on Absolute Moral Norms, Dissertation (excerpt), Rome: Pontifical Gregorian University, 1973.
PORTER Jean, Moral Action and Christian Ethics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
PINCKAERS Servais, Ce qu’on ne peut jamais faire. La question des actes intrinsèquement mauvais: Historie et discussion, Freibourg (Suisse) : Editions Universitaires/Paris : Editions du Cerf, 1986.
SALZMAN Todd A., Deontology and Teleology: an Investigation of the Normative Debate in Roman Catholic Theology, Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1995.
ARTICLES
BOYLE Joseph M. Jr., “The Principle of Double Effect: Good Actions Entangled in Evil”, in Moral Theology Today. Certitudes and Doubts, ed. D.G. McCarthy, St. Louis (MO): Pope John Centre, 1984, 243 260.
______, “Human Action, Natural Rhythms, and Contraception: A Response to Noonan”, in American Journal of Jurisprudence 26 (1981), 32-46.
CAHILL Lisa Sowle, “Contemporary Challenges to Exceptionless Moral Norms”, in Moral Theology Today: Certitudes and Doubts, ed. D.G. McCarthy, Pope John XXIII Center, St. Louis (MO) 1984, 121-135.
CONNERY John R., “Morality of Consequences: A Critical Appraisal”, in Theological Studies 34 (1973), 396-414.
______, “Catholic Ethics: Has the Norm for Rule-Making Changed?”, in Theological Studies 42 (1981), 232-250.
______, “The Teleology of Proportionate Reason”, in Theological Studies 44 (1983), 489-496.
______, “The Basis for Certain Key Exceptionless Moral Norms in Contemporary Catholic Thought”, in Moral Theology Today. Certitudes and Doubts, ed. D.G. McCarthy, St. Louis (MO): Pope John Centre, 1984, 182-192.
FINNIS John, “Object and Intention in Moral Judgments According to Aquinas”, in The Thomist 55 (1991), 1-27.
FUCHS Josef, “The Absoluteness of Moral Terms”, in Gregorianum 52 (1971), 415-458.
______, “Good Act and Good Persons”, in Understanding Veritatis Splendor, ed. John Wilkins, Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, London 1994, 21-26.
GAFFNEY J., “The Pope on Proportionalism” in Veritatis Splendor: American Responses, Michael E. Allsopp & John J. O’Keefe (eds), Kansas City (MO): Sheed & Ward, 1995, 60-71.
GRISEZ Germain, “Against Consequentialism”, in American Journal of Jurisprudence 23 (1978), 21-72.
______, “Moral Absolutes: A Critique of the View of Josef Fuchs, S.J.”, in Anthropotes 1 (1985) 155-183.
HOOSE Bernard, “Circumstances, Intentions and Intrinsically Evil Acts”, in The Splendor of Accuracy, An Examination of The Assertions made by Veritatis Splendor, ed. Joseph Selling & Jan Jans, Kok Pharos, Kampen, The Nederlands 1994, 136-152.
JANSSENS Louis, “Ontic Evil and Moral Evil”, in Louvain Studies 4 (197273), 115-156.
______, “Norms and Priorities in a Love Ethics”, in Louvain Studies (1977), 207-238.
______, “Saint Thomas Aquinas and the Question of Proportionality”, in Louvain Studies 9 (1982-83), 26-46.
______, “Ontic Good and Evil - Premoral Values and Disvalues”, in Louvain Studies 12 (1987) 62-82.
______, “Teleology and Proportionality: Thoughts about the Encyclical Veritatis Splendor”, in The Splendor of Accuracy, An Examination of The Assertions made by Veritatis Splendor, ed. Joseph Selling & Jan Jans, Kampen, The Nederlands: Kok Pharos, 1994, 99-113.
JOHNSTONE Brian V., “Faithful Action: The Catholic Moral Tradition and Veritatis Splendor”, in Studia Moralia 31 (1993), 283-305.
______, “‘Objectivism,’ ‘Basic Human Goods,’ and ‘Proportionalism,’ An Interpretation of the Contemporary History of Moral Theology”, in Studia Moralia 43 (2005), 97-126;
KIELY Bartholomew, “The Impracticability of Proportionalism”, in Gregorianum 66 (1985), 655-685.
KNAUER Peter, “The Hermeneutic Function of the Principle of Double Effect”, in Readings in Moral Theology No. 1: Moral Norms and Catholic Tradition, ed. Charles E. Curran & Richard A. McCormick, New York: Paulist Press, 1979, 1-39.
______, “A Good End Does Not Justify an Evil Means Even in a Teleological Ethics”, in Personalist Morals. Essays in Honor of Professor Louis Janssens, ed. Joseph Selling, Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1988, 71-85.
LONERGAN Bernard, “Theology in Its New Context” in Theology in Renewal, vol. I: Renewal of Religious Thought, ed. L.K. SHOOK, New York: Herder and Herder, 1968, 34-46.
MAY William E., “Aquinas and Janssens on the Moral Meaning of Human Acts”, in The Thomist 48 (1984), 566-606.
______, “Veritatis Splendor: An Overview of the Encyclical”, in Communio: International Catholic Review 21 (Summer 1994), 1-23.
McCORMICK Richard, “Proportionalism: Clarification Through Dialogue”, in Readings in Moral Theology, no. 11: The Historical Development of Fundamental Moral Theology in the United States, ed. Charles E. Curran & Richard A. McCormick, New York, Paulist Press 1999, 181-199.
______, “Killing The Patient”, in Understanding Veritatis Splendor, ed. John Wilkins, London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1994, 14-20.
______, “Some Early Reactions to Veritatis Splendor”, in Theological Studies 55 (1994), 481-506.
PORTER Jean, “Basic Goods and the Human Good in Recent Catholic Moral Theology”, in The Thomist 57 (1993), 27-49.
______, “The Moral Act in Veritatis Splendor and in Aquinas’ Summa Theologiae: A Comparative Analysis”, in Veritatis Splendor: American Responses, ed. Michael E. Allsopp & John J. O’Keefe, Kansas City (MO): Sheed & Ward, 1995, 278-295.
PINCKAERS Servais, “ La question des actes intrinsèquement mauvais et le proportionalisme “, in Revue Thomiste 82 (1982), 181-212.
SCHÜLLER Bruno, “Direct/Indirect Killing”, in Readings in Moral Theology, No. 1: Moral Norms and Catholic Tradition, ed. Charles E. Curran and Richard McCormick, New York: Paulist Press, 1979, 139-140.
WALTER James J., “Proportionate Reasoning and its Three Levels of In quiry: Structuring the Ongoing Debate”, in Louvain Studies 10 (1984), 30-40.
______, “The Foundation and Formulation of Norms”, in Moral Theology: Challenges For The Future, ed. Charles E. Curran, New York: Paulist Press, 1990, 125-154.
YUSTINUS, “Diskusi Mengenai Doktrin “Intrinsece Malum” Sebelum dan Sesudah Ensiklik Veritatis Splendor” in Studia Philosophica et Theologica 6:2 (Oktober 2006), Malang: STFT Widya Sasana, 125-146
GS - Gaudium et Spes
HV - Humanae Vitae
VS - Veritatis Splendor
BOOKS
AQUINAS Thomas, Summa Theologiae, I-II, (English edition: Domenican Fathers of English Province, St. Thomas Aquinas. Summa Theologica, Allen Texas: Christian Classics, 1981).
CURRAN Charles E. and Richard McCORMICK (eds.), Readings in Moral Theology, No. 3: Morality and Magisterium, New York: Paulist Press, 1981.
______, Readings in Moral Theology, No. 4: The Use of Scripture in Moral Theology, New York: Paulist Press, 1982.
______, Readings in Moral Theology No. 7: Natural Law and Theology, New York: Paulist Press, 1991. FINNIS John, Moral Absolutes: Tradition, Revision and Truth, Washington (DC): The Catholic University of America Press, 1991.
FUCHS Josef, Christian Ethics in a Secular Arena, Washington DC: Georgetown University Press, 1984
______, Ricercando la verità morale, Cinisello Balsamo (MI): San Paolo, 1996. GULA Richard M., Reason Informed by Faith, Foundation of Catholic Morality, New York/Mahwah: Paulist Press, 1989, 273.
HOOSE Bernard, Proportionalism: The American Debate and Its European Roots, Washington (DC): Georgetown University Press, 1987.
______, Received Wisdom?: Reviewing the Role of Tradition in Christian Ethics, London/New York: Geoffrey Chapman, 1994.
KACZOR Christopher (ed.), Proportionalism: For and Against, Milwaukee (WI): Marquette University Press, 2000.
McCORMICK Richard, Ambiguity in Moral Choice, Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1973.
MAY William E., An Introduction to Moral Theology (Revised Edition), Huntington (IND): Our Sunday Visitor, 1994.2
MELINA Livio, Morale: tra crisi e rinnovamento: gli assoluti morale, l’opzione fondamentale, la formazione della coscienza, Milano: Ares, 1993.
MURTAGH James, Intrinsece Malum: An Examination of This Concepts and Its Place in Current Discussion on Absolute Moral Norms, Dissertation (excerpt), Rome: Pontifical Gregorian University, 1973.
PORTER Jean, Moral Action and Christian Ethics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
PINCKAERS Servais, Ce qu’on ne peut jamais faire. La question des actes intrinsèquement mauvais: Historie et discussion, Freibourg (Suisse) : Editions Universitaires/Paris : Editions du Cerf, 1986.
SALZMAN Todd A., Deontology and Teleology: an Investigation of the Normative Debate in Roman Catholic Theology, Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1995.
ARTICLES
BOYLE Joseph M. Jr., “The Principle of Double Effect: Good Actions Entangled in Evil”, in Moral Theology Today. Certitudes and Doubts, ed. D.G. McCarthy, St. Louis (MO): Pope John Centre, 1984, 243 260.
______, “Human Action, Natural Rhythms, and Contraception: A Response to Noonan”, in American Journal of Jurisprudence 26 (1981), 32-46.
CAHILL Lisa Sowle, “Contemporary Challenges to Exceptionless Moral Norms”, in Moral Theology Today: Certitudes and Doubts, ed. D.G. McCarthy, Pope John XXIII Center, St. Louis (MO) 1984, 121-135.
CONNERY John R., “Morality of Consequences: A Critical Appraisal”, in Theological Studies 34 (1973), 396-414.
______, “Catholic Ethics: Has the Norm for Rule-Making Changed?”, in Theological Studies 42 (1981), 232-250.
______, “The Teleology of Proportionate Reason”, in Theological Studies 44 (1983), 489-496.
______, “The Basis for Certain Key Exceptionless Moral Norms in Contemporary Catholic Thought”, in Moral Theology Today. Certitudes and Doubts, ed. D.G. McCarthy, St. Louis (MO): Pope John Centre, 1984, 182-192.
FINNIS John, “Object and Intention in Moral Judgments According to Aquinas”, in The Thomist 55 (1991), 1-27.
FUCHS Josef, “The Absoluteness of Moral Terms”, in Gregorianum 52 (1971), 415-458.
______, “Good Act and Good Persons”, in Understanding Veritatis Splendor, ed. John Wilkins, Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, London 1994, 21-26.
GAFFNEY J., “The Pope on Proportionalism” in Veritatis Splendor: American Responses, Michael E. Allsopp & John J. O’Keefe (eds), Kansas City (MO): Sheed & Ward, 1995, 60-71.
GRISEZ Germain, “Against Consequentialism”, in American Journal of Jurisprudence 23 (1978), 21-72.
______, “Moral Absolutes: A Critique of the View of Josef Fuchs, S.J.”, in Anthropotes 1 (1985) 155-183.
HOOSE Bernard, “Circumstances, Intentions and Intrinsically Evil Acts”, in The Splendor of Accuracy, An Examination of The Assertions made by Veritatis Splendor, ed. Joseph Selling & Jan Jans, Kok Pharos, Kampen, The Nederlands 1994, 136-152.
JANSSENS Louis, “Ontic Evil and Moral Evil”, in Louvain Studies 4 (197273), 115-156.
______, “Norms and Priorities in a Love Ethics”, in Louvain Studies (1977), 207-238.
______, “Saint Thomas Aquinas and the Question of Proportionality”, in Louvain Studies 9 (1982-83), 26-46.
______, “Ontic Good and Evil - Premoral Values and Disvalues”, in Louvain Studies 12 (1987) 62-82.
______, “Teleology and Proportionality: Thoughts about the Encyclical Veritatis Splendor”, in The Splendor of Accuracy, An Examination of The Assertions made by Veritatis Splendor, ed. Joseph Selling & Jan Jans, Kampen, The Nederlands: Kok Pharos, 1994, 99-113.
JOHNSTONE Brian V., “Faithful Action: The Catholic Moral Tradition and Veritatis Splendor”, in Studia Moralia 31 (1993), 283-305.
______, “‘Objectivism,’ ‘Basic Human Goods,’ and ‘Proportionalism,’ An Interpretation of the Contemporary History of Moral Theology”, in Studia Moralia 43 (2005), 97-126;
KIELY Bartholomew, “The Impracticability of Proportionalism”, in Gregorianum 66 (1985), 655-685.
KNAUER Peter, “The Hermeneutic Function of the Principle of Double Effect”, in Readings in Moral Theology No. 1: Moral Norms and Catholic Tradition, ed. Charles E. Curran & Richard A. McCormick, New York: Paulist Press, 1979, 1-39.
______, “A Good End Does Not Justify an Evil Means Even in a Teleological Ethics”, in Personalist Morals. Essays in Honor of Professor Louis Janssens, ed. Joseph Selling, Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1988, 71-85.
LONERGAN Bernard, “Theology in Its New Context” in Theology in Renewal, vol. I: Renewal of Religious Thought, ed. L.K. SHOOK, New York: Herder and Herder, 1968, 34-46.
MAY William E., “Aquinas and Janssens on the Moral Meaning of Human Acts”, in The Thomist 48 (1984), 566-606.
______, “Veritatis Splendor: An Overview of the Encyclical”, in Communio: International Catholic Review 21 (Summer 1994), 1-23.
McCORMICK Richard, “Proportionalism: Clarification Through Dialogue”, in Readings in Moral Theology, no. 11: The Historical Development of Fundamental Moral Theology in the United States, ed. Charles E. Curran & Richard A. McCormick, New York, Paulist Press 1999, 181-199.
______, “Killing The Patient”, in Understanding Veritatis Splendor, ed. John Wilkins, London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1994, 14-20.
______, “Some Early Reactions to Veritatis Splendor”, in Theological Studies 55 (1994), 481-506.
PORTER Jean, “Basic Goods and the Human Good in Recent Catholic Moral Theology”, in The Thomist 57 (1993), 27-49.
______, “The Moral Act in Veritatis Splendor and in Aquinas’ Summa Theologiae: A Comparative Analysis”, in Veritatis Splendor: American Responses, ed. Michael E. Allsopp & John J. O’Keefe, Kansas City (MO): Sheed & Ward, 1995, 278-295.
PINCKAERS Servais, “ La question des actes intrinsèquement mauvais et le proportionalisme “, in Revue Thomiste 82 (1982), 181-212.
SCHÜLLER Bruno, “Direct/Indirect Killing”, in Readings in Moral Theology, No. 1: Moral Norms and Catholic Tradition, ed. Charles E. Curran and Richard McCormick, New York: Paulist Press, 1979, 139-140.
WALTER James J., “Proportionate Reasoning and its Three Levels of In quiry: Structuring the Ongoing Debate”, in Louvain Studies 10 (1984), 30-40.
______, “The Foundation and Formulation of Norms”, in Moral Theology: Challenges For The Future, ed. Charles E. Curran, New York: Paulist Press, 1990, 125-154.
YUSTINUS, “Diskusi Mengenai Doktrin “Intrinsece Malum” Sebelum dan Sesudah Ensiklik Veritatis Splendor” in Studia Philosophica et Theologica 6:2 (Oktober 2006), Malang: STFT Widya Sasana, 125-146
