Jesus Christ as Social Philosopher: The Inclusive Sociability and Its Implications for Christians in Indonesia
Keywords:
Christians, Inclusive Sociability, Indonesia, Jesus Christ, Social Philosopher
Abstract
In a nation of diverse beliefs like Indonesia, there can never be enough discourse on articulating ways to pursue peace. This article proposes that reimagining Jesus Christ as a social philosopher with inclusive sociability is crucial in motivating Christians’ social attitudes in public spheres in Indonesia. As the central figure of the Christian faith, this constructive imagination is particularly relevant in Indonesia, where the “what would Jesus do” religiosity is prominent. To analyse and construct Jesus as a social philosopher with inclusive sociability, this article utilises two approaches: content analysis and conversation analysis. The research finds that, as a social philosopher, Jesus exhibits a capacity for critical reasoning accompanied by a humanising attitude. This is evident in how He interacts across cultures, accepts sociocultural differences, and embodies unconditional love, unlimited forgiveness, and selfless humility. This research presents a critical model for Indonesian Christians to pursue friendships and relational harmony amidst differences, based on an ethic of empathy.
References
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Han, Chandra, Amos Sukamto, and Rudy Pramono. ‘Solidarity in Christianity to Foster “Bhineka Tunggal Ika”: A Biblical Analysis of the Good Samaritan, Luke 10:25-37’. Pharos Journal of Theology 104, no. 1 (2022): 25–37. https://doi.org/10.46222/PHAROSJOT.10418.
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———. Doing Christian Ethics from the Margins. 2nd ed. New York: Orbis Books, 2014.
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Lehtinen, Esa. ‘Conversation Analysis’. In The Routledge Handbook of Research Methods in the Study of Religion, edited by Steven Engler and Michael Stausberg, 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2022. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003222491-14.
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———. ‘Prinsip Hidup Yang Mengingat Tuhan: Studi Hermeneutik Terhadap Yakobus 4:13-17’. CARAKA: Jurnal Teologi Biblika Dan Praktika 4, no. 2 (2023): 326–40. https://doi.org/10.46348/car.v4i2.223.
———. ‘Tuhan, Manusia, Dan Bahasa Menurut Ludwig Wittgenstein: Suatu Tinjauan Filsafat Agama’. Sanjiwani: Jurnal Filsafat 14, no. 2 (2023): 162–73. https://doi.org/10.25078/sjf.v14i2.2579.
Nole, Otniel Aurelius, and Mariska Lauterboom. ‘Potensi Pendidikan Interreligius Meminimalkan Hate Speech Di Media Sosial’. Panangkaran: Jurnal Penelitian Agama Dan Masyarakat 8, no. 1 (2024): 123–46. https://doi.org/10.14421/panangkaran.v8i1.3786.
Nole, Otniel Aurelius, and Yusak Budi Setyawan. ‘Pengaruh Alkitab Terhadap Natal Dan Implikasi Realitas Bisnis Di Indonesia’. Jurnal SMART (Studi Masyarakat, Religi, Dan Tradisi) 10, no. 1 (2024): 73–84. https://doi.org/10.18784/smart.v10i1.2214.
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Parihala, Yohanes. ‘Making Mega-Space for Others: Towards Theology of Mega-Friendship from the Table Fellowship Story According to Luke 5:27–32’. Verbum et Ecclesia 42, no. 1 (2021): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.4102/ve.v42i1.2292.
Parihala, Yohanes, and Busro Busro. ‘Reclaiming Jesus as Source of Peace in Luke 12:49–53 through the Perspective of Religious Pluralism in an Indonesian Context’. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies 76, no. 4 (2020): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v76i4.6088.
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Reinstorf, Dieter H. ‘The Rich, the Poor, and the Law’. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies 60, no. 1–2 (2004): 329–48. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v60i1/2.512.
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Setyawan, Yusak Budi. ‘The Clash of Imaginations on the Identity of the Messiah in Luke 7:18−35 in the Perspective of Harari’s Theory of Imagination’. Biblical Theology Bulletin 54, no. 2 (2024): 108–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461079241252823.
Shin, Sookgoo. Ethics in the Gospel of John: Discipleship as Moral Progress. Leiden: Brill, 2019.
Singgih, Emanuel Gerrit. ‘Religious Moderation as Good Life: Two Responses to the Ministry of Religious Affairs’ Directive on Religious Moderation in Indonesia’. Exchange 52, no. 3 (2023): 220–40. https://doi.org/10.1163/1572543X-bja10038.
Siregar, Christian. ‘Pluralism and Religious Tolerance in Indonesia: An Ethical-Theological Review Based on Christian Faith Perspectives’. Humaniora 7, no. 3 (2016): 349–58. https://doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v7i3.3589.
Spohn, William C. Go and Do Likewise: Jesus and Ethics. New York: Continuum, 2000.
Sukamto, Amos. ‘Muslim-Christian Relations and Collaborative Efforts to Build Indonesia’. International Bulletin of Mission Research 46, no. 4 (2022): 525–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/23969393211058904.
Theissen, Gerd. Gerakan Yesus: Sebuah Pemahaman Sosiologis Tentang Jemaat Kristen Perdana. Nita: Penerbit Ledalero, 2005.
Thomaskutty, Johnson. ‘“Humanhood” in the Gospel of John’. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies 77, no. 4 (2021): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v77i4.6643.
Thorsteinsson, Runar M. Jesus as Philosopher: The Moral Sage in the Synoptic Gospels. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.
Tinambunan, Edison R. L. ‘Persaudaraan Dan Persahabatan Sosial Ensiklik Paus Fransiskus: Kontribusi Dialog Antar Agama Indonesia’. Studia Philosophica et Theologica 22, no. 2 (2022): 279–302. https://doi.org/10.35312/spet.v22i2.462.
Ware, Bruce A. The Man Christ Jesus: Theological Reflections on the Humanity of Christ. Wheaton: Crossway, 2013.
Wolterstorff, Nicholas. ‘Jesus and Forgiveness’. In Jesus and Philosophy: New Essays, edited by Paul K. Moser. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Badzinski, Diane M., Robert H. Woods Jr., and Chad M. Nelson. ‘Content Analysis’. In The Routledge Handbook of Research Methods in the Study of Religion, edited by Steven Engler and Michael Stausberg, 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2022. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003222491-13.
Baffes, Melanie S. ‘What Do We Do With This Jesus? A Reading of Matthew 15:21-28 through the Lens of Psychoanalytic Theory’. Pastoral Psychology 63, no. 3 (2014): 249–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-013-0583-z.
Bharathi, Paul. ‘Jesus – His Transforming Effect’. International Journal of Indonesian Philosophy & Theology 2, no. 1 (2021): 10–19. https://doi.org/10.47043/ijipth.v2i1.16.
Carey, Greg. ‘Luke 7:1–10’. Interpretation: A Journal of Bible and Theology 67, no. 2 (2013): 199–201. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020964312472649.
Chelsia, Anizah, and Robi Panggarra. ‘Iman Perempuan Kanaan Berdasarkan Kitab Matius 15:21-28’. Jurnal Ilmu Teologi Dan Pendidikan Agama Kristen 1, no. 2 (2020): 123–43. https://doi.org/10.25278/jitpk.v1i2.511.
DeWeese, Garrett J. Doing Philosophy as a Christian. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2011.
Dickinson, Travis. Logic and the Way of Jesus: Thinking Critically and Christianly. Nashville: B&H Academic, 2022.
Enis, Larry L. ‘Luke 10:25-37’. Interpretation: A Journal of Bible and Theology 71, no. 4 (2017): 425–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020964317716134.
Eyo, Emmanuel Bassey. ‘Jesus Christ the Philosopher: An Ex̷Posế’. International Journal of Philosophy and Theology (IJPT) 7, no. 2 (2019): 20–27. https://doi.org/10.15640/ijpt.v7n2p2.
Gunawan, Linna. ‘Building Peace in Indonesia Through the Tradition of Eating Nasi Tumpeng’. Theologia in Loco 5, no. 2 (2023): 110–138. https://doi.org/10.55935/thilo.v5i2.295.
Han, Chandra, Amos Sukamto, and Rudy Pramono. ‘Solidarity in Christianity to Foster “Bhineka Tunggal Ika”: A Biblical Analysis of the Good Samaritan, Luke 10:25-37’. Pharos Journal of Theology 104, no. 1 (2022): 25–37. https://doi.org/10.46222/PHAROSJOT.10418.
Johnson, Luke Timothy. ‘The Jesus of the Gospels and Philosophy’. In Jesus and Philosophy: New Essays, edited by Paul K. Moser. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Kreeft, Peter. The Philosophy of Jesus. South Bend: St. Augustine’s Press, 2007.
La Torre, Miguel A. De. Decolonizing Christianity: Becoming Badass Believers. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2021.
———. Doing Christian Ethics from the Margins. 2nd ed. New York: Orbis Books, 2014.
Lakawa, Septemmy E. ‘Aftermath Friendship: An Indonesian Feminist Theological Perspective on Trauma and Interreligious Peace’. International Journal of Asian Christianity 4, no. 2 (2021): 236–47. https://doi.org/10.1163/25424246-04020006.
Lehtinen, Esa. ‘Conversation Analysis’. In The Routledge Handbook of Research Methods in the Study of Religion, edited by Steven Engler and Michael Stausberg, 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2022. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003222491-14.
Lina, Paskalis, and Robertus Wijanarko. ‘Faith In God as The Source of Goodness And Religious Moderation In Indonesia: A Christian Moral Perspective’. International Journal of Indonesian Philosophy & Theology 3, no. 1 (2022): 40–52. https://doi.org/10.47043/ijipth.v3i1.24.
Masalha, Nur. ‘Reading the Bible with the Eyes of the Canaanites: Neo-Zionism, Political Theology and the Land Traditions of the Bible (1967 to Gaza 2009)’. Journal of Holy Land and Palestine Studies 8, no. 1 (2009): 55–108. https://doi.org/10.3366/E1474947509000407.
Matthews, Victor H. ‘Conversation and Identity: Jesus and the Samaritan Woman’. Biblical Theology Bulletin 40, no. 4 (2010): 215–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146107910380876.
McKimmon, Eric. ‘28th October: Proper 25: Mark 10: 46-52’. The Expository Times 123, no. 12 (2012): 600–602. https://doi.org/10.1177/0014524612451227c.
Motuku, Patson K., and Ernest van Eck. ‘Justice and Reconciliation in Luke 19:1–10 : A South African Post-Apartheid Anti-Imperial Reading’. Verbum et Ecclesia 45, no. 1 (2024): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.4102/ve.v45i1.3072.
Mulait, Meki. ‘Mengimani Yesus Kristus Sang Pembebas: Suatu Upaya Berkristologi Dalam Konteks Pemiskinan Gereja Indonesia’. Studia Philosophica et Theologica 18, no. 1 (2018): 71–91. https://doi.org/10.35312/spet.v18i1.24.
Nole, Otniel Aurelius. ‘Hidup Adalah Kasih: Perjumpaan Antara Karya Yesus Kristus Dan Orang Mamasa’. Pengarah: Jurnal Teologi Kristen 5, no. 2 (2023): 109–18. https://doi.org/10.36270/pengarah.v5i2.175.
———. ‘Prinsip Hidup Yang Mengingat Tuhan: Studi Hermeneutik Terhadap Yakobus 4:13-17’. CARAKA: Jurnal Teologi Biblika Dan Praktika 4, no. 2 (2023): 326–40. https://doi.org/10.46348/car.v4i2.223.
———. ‘Tuhan, Manusia, Dan Bahasa Menurut Ludwig Wittgenstein: Suatu Tinjauan Filsafat Agama’. Sanjiwani: Jurnal Filsafat 14, no. 2 (2023): 162–73. https://doi.org/10.25078/sjf.v14i2.2579.
Nole, Otniel Aurelius, and Mariska Lauterboom. ‘Potensi Pendidikan Interreligius Meminimalkan Hate Speech Di Media Sosial’. Panangkaran: Jurnal Penelitian Agama Dan Masyarakat 8, no. 1 (2024): 123–46. https://doi.org/10.14421/panangkaran.v8i1.3786.
Nole, Otniel Aurelius, and Yusak Budi Setyawan. ‘Pengaruh Alkitab Terhadap Natal Dan Implikasi Realitas Bisnis Di Indonesia’. Jurnal SMART (Studi Masyarakat, Religi, Dan Tradisi) 10, no. 1 (2024): 73–84. https://doi.org/10.18784/smart.v10i1.2214.
Paais, Vikry Reinaldo. ‘Antara Eksklusif Dan Pluralis: Rekonstruksi Narasi Kekristenan Atas Agama Leluhur’. ARUMBAE: Jurnal Ilmiah Teologi Dan Studi Agama 4, no. 1 (2022): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.37429/arumbae.v4i1.736.
Parihala, Yohanes. ‘Making Mega-Space for Others: Towards Theology of Mega-Friendship from the Table Fellowship Story According to Luke 5:27–32’. Verbum et Ecclesia 42, no. 1 (2021): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.4102/ve.v42i1.2292.
Parihala, Yohanes, and Busro Busro. ‘Reclaiming Jesus as Source of Peace in Luke 12:49–53 through the Perspective of Religious Pluralism in an Indonesian Context’. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies 76, no. 4 (2020): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v76i4.6088.
Pennington, Jonathan T. Jesus the Great Philosopher: Rediscovering the Wisdom Needed for the Good Life. Grand Rapids: Brazos Press, 2020.
Peters, Rebecca Todd. ‘Reflections on a Theology of Solidarity’. Ecumenical Review 67, no. 2 (2015): 222–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/erev.12155.
Proctor, Mark A. ‘“Who Is My Neighbor?” Recontextualizing Luke’s Good Samaritan (Luke 10:25-37)’. Journal of Biblical Literature 138, no. 1 (2019): 203–19. https://doi.org/10.1353/jbl.2019.0011.
Reinstorf, Dieter H. ‘The Rich, the Poor, and the Law’. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies 60, no. 1–2 (2004): 329–48. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v60i1/2.512.
Sabdono, Erastus, Erni M.C. Efruan, Morris P. Takaliuang, Leryani M.M. Manuain, and Zummy A. Dami. ‘Teaching Intercultural Competence: Dialogue, Cognition and Position in Luke 10:25–37’. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies 77, no. 4 (2021): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v77i4.6744.
Sari, Ramadhanita Mustika. ‘Resolusi Konflik Islam-Kristen Perspektif Al-Qur’an Dan Injil’. Al-Adyan Journal of Religious Studies 3, no. 1 (2022): 9–18. https://doi.org/10.15548/al-adyan.v3i1.4087.
Seran, Juliati Elisabeth. ‘Kepemimpinan Transformasional Yesus Sebagai Model Kepemimpinan Toleran Di Indonesia’. PASCA: Jurnal Teologi Dan Pendidikan Agama Kristen 19, no. 2 (2024): 164–76. https://doi.org/10.46494/psc.v19i2.276.
Setyawan, Yusak Budi. ‘The Clash of Imaginations on the Identity of the Messiah in Luke 7:18−35 in the Perspective of Harari’s Theory of Imagination’. Biblical Theology Bulletin 54, no. 2 (2024): 108–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461079241252823.
Shin, Sookgoo. Ethics in the Gospel of John: Discipleship as Moral Progress. Leiden: Brill, 2019.
Singgih, Emanuel Gerrit. ‘Religious Moderation as Good Life: Two Responses to the Ministry of Religious Affairs’ Directive on Religious Moderation in Indonesia’. Exchange 52, no. 3 (2023): 220–40. https://doi.org/10.1163/1572543X-bja10038.
Siregar, Christian. ‘Pluralism and Religious Tolerance in Indonesia: An Ethical-Theological Review Based on Christian Faith Perspectives’. Humaniora 7, no. 3 (2016): 349–58. https://doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v7i3.3589.
Spohn, William C. Go and Do Likewise: Jesus and Ethics. New York: Continuum, 2000.
Sukamto, Amos. ‘Muslim-Christian Relations and Collaborative Efforts to Build Indonesia’. International Bulletin of Mission Research 46, no. 4 (2022): 525–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/23969393211058904.
Theissen, Gerd. Gerakan Yesus: Sebuah Pemahaman Sosiologis Tentang Jemaat Kristen Perdana. Nita: Penerbit Ledalero, 2005.
Thomaskutty, Johnson. ‘“Humanhood” in the Gospel of John’. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies 77, no. 4 (2021): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v77i4.6643.
Thorsteinsson, Runar M. Jesus as Philosopher: The Moral Sage in the Synoptic Gospels. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.
Tinambunan, Edison R. L. ‘Persaudaraan Dan Persahabatan Sosial Ensiklik Paus Fransiskus: Kontribusi Dialog Antar Agama Indonesia’. Studia Philosophica et Theologica 22, no. 2 (2022): 279–302. https://doi.org/10.35312/spet.v22i2.462.
Ware, Bruce A. The Man Christ Jesus: Theological Reflections on the Humanity of Christ. Wheaton: Crossway, 2013.
Wolterstorff, Nicholas. ‘Jesus and Forgiveness’. In Jesus and Philosophy: New Essays, edited by Paul K. Moser. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
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