INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY IN EZEKIEL 18, 1-32
Keywords:
The sour grapes proverb, repentance, individual responsibility, collective responsibility, awareness of sinfulness, fatalism
Abstract
Persoalan apakah anak mewarisi dosa orang tuanya atau apakah Allah menghukum seseorang karena kesalahan orang tuanya telah menjadi perdebatan yang seru di kalangan umat kristiani, para klerus maupun para ahli Alkitab. Beberapa teks Alkitab, seperti Kel. 20:5; 34:7; Bil. 14:18; Ul. 5:9; Yer. 32:18 sepertinya memang menekankan adanya dosa warisan. Namun banyak teks Alkitab lainnya, seperti Ul. 24:16; Yer. 31:29-30; Yeh. 18:4 menyangkal hal itu dan menandaskan tanggung jawab pribadi. Ada yang menduga bahwa terjadi perkembangan atau perubahan dalam paham Israel tentang dosa. Pada mulanya Israel meyakini adanya dosa warisan, namun sejak abad ke-6 paham ini mulai diformulasi ulang dan puncak perubahannya ada pada Yehezkiel. Analisa atas konteks dan isi Yeh. 18:2-4 menunjukkan bahwa Yehezkiel memang menolak ide hukuman warisan. Namun apa yang dibuatnya bukanlah menyangkal teksteks Alkitab yang sepertinya berbicara tentang hukuman warisan melainkan penafsiran dan pemakaian yang salah atas teks-teks tersebut
References
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Begrich, J., “Die Priesterliche Tora”, BZAW 66 (1936) 63-88.
Boggio, G., “Lectio Divina” del Profeta Ezechiele, Padova 1997.
Brownlee, W.H., Ezekiel 1-19, WBC 28, Waco, TX 1986.
Carley, K.W., The Book of the Prophet Ezekiel, Cambridge 1974.
Darr, K.P., “The Book of Ezekiel. Introduction, Commentary, and Reflections”, in L.E. Keck – al., ed., NIB, VI, 1073-1607.
Eichrodt, W., Der Prophet Hesekiel, Göttingen 1965; English trans., Ezekiel. A Commentary, tr. C. Quin, London 1970.
Fishbane, M., Biblical Interpretation in Ancient Israel, Oxford 1985.
_______, “Sin and Judgment in the Prophecies of Ezekiel”, in J.L. Mays – P.J. Achtemeier, ed., Interpreting the Prophets, Philadelphia 1987, 170-187; first published in Int 38 (1984) 131-150.
Fohrer, G., Die Hauptprobleme des Buches Ezechiel, BZAW 72, Berlin 1952.
Graffy, A., A Prophet Confronts His People. The Disputation Speech in the Prophets, AnBib 104, Rome 1984.
Greenberg, M., Ezekiel 1-20, Garden City, NY 1983.
_______, Ezekiel 21-37, Doubleday 1997.
Irwin, W.A., The Problem of Ezekiel. An Inductive Study, Chicago 1943.
Johnson, A.R., The One and the Many in the Israelite Conception of God, Cardiff 1942.
Joyce, P.M., Divine Initiative and Human Response in Ezekiel, JSOTSS 51, Sheffield 1989.
_______, “Ezekiel and Individual Responsibility”, in J. LUST, ed., Ezekiel and His Book. Textual Literary Criticism and their Interrelation, Leuven 1986, 317-321.
_______, “Individual Responsibility in Ezekiel 18?”, in E.A. LIVINGSTONE, ed., Studia Biblica 1978. I. Papers on Old Testament and Related Themes. Sixth International Congress on Biblical Studies, Oxford 3-7 April 1978, JSOTSS 11, Sheffield 1979, 185-196.
_______, “The Individual and the Community”, in J. ROGERSON, ed., Beginning Old Testament Study, London 1998, 77-93.
Kaminsky, J.S., Corporate Responsibility in the Hebrew Bible, JSOTSS 196, Sheffield 1995.
Kaufmann, Y., The Religion of Israel. From its Beginnings to the Babylonian Exile, tr. M. Greenberg, Chicago 1960.
Leene, H., “Ezekiel and Jeremiah. Promises of Inner Renewal in Diachronic Perspective”, in J.C. De Moor – H.F. Van Rooy, ed., Past, Present, Future. The Deuteronomistic History and the Prophets, Leiden – Boston – Köln 2000, 150-175.
Lind, M.C., Ezekiel, Scottdale, Pennsylvania 1996.
Lindars, B., “Ezekiel and Individual Responsibility”, VT 15 (1965) 452-467.
Matties, G.H., Ezekiel 18 and the Rhetoric of Moral Discourse, SBLDS 126, Atlanta, GA 1990.
May, H.G., “Individual Responsibility and Retribution”, HUCA 32 (1961) 107-120.
_______, “The Book of Ezekiel”, IB, VI, 39-338. Milgrom, J., Numbers, Philadelphia – New York 1990.
Murray, D.F., “The Rhetoric of Disputation. Re-Examined of a Prophetic Genre”, JSOT 38 (1987) 95-121.
von RAD, G., Theologie des Alten Testaments. I. Die Theologie der geschichtlichen Überlieferungen Israels, München 1957; English trans., Old Testament Theology. I. The Theology of Israel’s Historical Traditions., tr. D.M.G. Stalker, New York – Edinburgh 1962-1965.
Raitt, T.M., A Theology of Exile. Judgment, Deliverance in Jeremiah and Ezekiel, Philadelphia 1977.
_______, “The Prophetic Summons to Repentance”, ZAW 83 (1971) 30-49.
Renz, T., The Rhetorical Function of the Book of Ezekiel, Brill – Leiden – Boston – Köln 1999.
Sakenfeld, K.D., “Ezekiel 18,25-32”, Int 32 (1978) 295-300.
Uffenheimer, B., “Theodicy and Ethics in the Prophecy of Ezekiel”, in H.G. Reventlow – Y. Hoffman, ed., Justice and Reighteousness. Biblical Themes and their Influence, JSOTSS 137, Sheffield 1992, 200-2007.
Weinfeld, M., “Jeremiah and the Spiritual Metamorphosis of Israel”, ZAW 88 (1976) 17-56.
Wevers, J.W., Ezekiel, NCBC, London – Grand Rapids, MI 1969, 1982.
Wright, G.E., The Challenge of Israel’s Faith, Chicago 1944.
Zimmerli, W., “The Message of the Prophet Ezekiel”, Int 23 (1969) 131-157.
