Asimilasi dengan Tuhan sebagai Tujuan Tertinggi Keutamaan
Keywords:
Keutamaan, Asimilasi dengan Tuhan, Plotinus
Abstract
Abstrak:
Dalam sejarah wacana filsafat, keutamaan merupakan salah satu tema penting dalam filsafat moral. Pada Abad Pencerahan, tema ini dikonseptualisasikan, salah satunya, dalam koridor metafisik-antropologis-etis. Tujuan utama dari keutamaan adalah untuk membantu manusia dalam melaksanakan tuntutan hukum moral yang rasional dan universal. Sementara itu, di masa kontemporer, diskusi bergerak ke definisi yang terpecah-pecah tanpa ada konsensus bersama. Namun, jika kembali ke era Yunani klasik, tema ini direnungkan dengan cara yang berbeda dan khas. Plotinus, misalnya, berdasarkan pembacaannya terhadap Plato, membawa permenungan tentang keutamaan ke dalam koridor religius. Sudut pandang Plotinus ini layak untuk disimak agar kita bisa melihat unsur yang lebih kaya dari keutamaan. Dengan menggunakan metode analisis teks terhadap Plotinus, Enneads, tulisan ini hendak menguraikan tesis dasar Plotinus tentang keutamaan yang menyatakan bahwa tujuan tertinggi keutamaan adalah asimilasi dengan Tuhan.
References
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Aristoteles. Nicomachean Ethics. Diedit dan diterjemahkan oleh Roger Crisp. Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Begley, John. “The Virtue Theory of Alasdair MacIntyre.” Pacifica: Australasian Theological Studies 8, no. 2 (June 1995): 220–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/1030570X9500800209.
Berg, Robbert M. van den. “The God-like Plotinus and Proclus: Two Neoplatonic Patterns of Perfection.” Dalam Longing for Perfection in Late Antiquity, diedit oleh Johan Leemans, Geert Roskam, dan Peter Van Deun, 11:58–87. Ancient Philosophy & Religion. Leiden: Brill, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004681132_004.
Blumenthal, Henry J. “On Soul and Intellect.” Dalam The Cambridge Companion to Plotinus, diedit oleh Lloyd P. Gerson, 82–104. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Bussanich, John. “Plotinus’s Metaphysics of the One.” Dalam The Cambridge Companion to Plotinus, diedit oleh Lloyd P. Gerson, 38–65. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Chiaradonna, Riccardo. “Ethics and the Hierarchy of Virtues from Plotinus to Iamblichus.” Dalam The Reception of Greek Ethics in Late Antiquity and Byzantium, diedit oleh Sophia Xenophontos dan Anna Marmodoro, 36–68. Cambridge; New York; Melbourne; New Delhi: Cambridge University Press, 2021.
———. “L’antropologia di Plotino. Misticismo e intellettualismo.” B@belonline 9 (November 2010): 47–59. https://doi.org/10.13134/2531-8624/9-2010/5.
———. Plotino. Pensatori 3. Roma: Carocci, 2009.
———. “Plotino.” Dalam Storia della Filosofia Antica, diedit oleh Riccardo Chiaradonna, IV. Dalla filosofia imperiale al tardo antico:173–202. Frecce, <210-212>. Roma: Carocci, 2016.
Cureton, Adam. “Kant on Virtue: Seeking the Ideal in Human Conditions.” Dalam The Oxford Handbook of Virtue, diedit oleh Nancy E. Snow, 263–80. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.
Cureton, Adam, dan Thomas E. Hill. “Kant on Virtue and the Virtues.” Dalam Cultivating Virtue: Perspective from Philosophy, Theology, and Psychology, diedit oleh Nancy E. Snow, 87–109. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015.
Darr, Ryan. “Virtues as Qualities of Character: Alasdair MacIntyre and the Situationist Critique of Virtue Ethics.” Journal of Religious Ethics 48 (2020): 7–25.
Earl, Alexander. “Lovable and Love and Love of Himself: Intimations of Trinitarian Theology in the Metaphysics of Plotinus.” International Philosophical Quarterly 60, no. 1 (2020): 37–55. https://doi.org/10.5840/ipq202013145.
Gatti, Maria Luisa. “Plotinus: The Platonic Tradition and the Foundation of Neoplatonism.” Dalam The Cambridge Companion to Plotinus, diedit oleh Lloyd P. Gerson, 10–37. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Kalligas, Paulos. The Enneads of Plotinus: A Commentary. Diterjemahkan oleh Elizabeth Key Fowden and Nicolas Pilavachi. Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2014.
Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. Diterjemahkan oleh Mary J. Gregor. Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy. Cambridge, U.K.; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
———. The Metaphysics of Morals. Diedit dan diterjemahkan oleh Mary J. Gregor. Edisi kedua. Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
MacIntyre, Alasdair. After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory. Edisi ketiga. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 2007.
Mahoney, Timothy A. “Is Assimilation to God in the Theaetetus Purely Otherworldly?” Ancient Philosophy 24, no. 2 (2004): 321–38. https://doi.org/10.5840/ancientphil200424244.
Murray. “The Ascent of Plotinus to God.” Gregorianum 32, no. 2 (1951): 223–46. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23570325.
O’Meara, Dominic J. Platonopolis: Platonic Political Philosophy in Late Antiquity. Oxford; New York: Clarendon Press; Oxford University Press, 2003.
———. “Plotinus on How Soul Acts on Body.” Dalam Platonic Investigations, diedit oleh Dominic J. O’Meara, 247–62. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1985. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv176kb.14.
Plass, Paul. “Plotinus’ Ethical Theory.” Illinois Classical Studies Vol. 7, no. 2 (1982): 241–59. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23062398.
Plato. Theaetetus. Diterjemahkan oleh John McDowell. Oxford World’s Classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
Plotino dan Porfirio. Enneadi e vita di Plotino. Testo greco a fronte. Diedit dan diterjemahkan oleh Giuseppe Faggin. Il pensiero occidentale. Firenze: Bompiani, 2000.
Plotinus. The Heart of Plotinus: The Essential Enneads Including Porphyry’s on the Cave of the Nymphs. Diedit oleh Algis Uždavinys. Bloomington: World Wisdom, Inc, 2009.
Rist, J. M. Eros and Psyche: Studies in Plato, Plotinus and Origen. Vol. 6. Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press, 1965.
Sherman, Nancy. Making a Necessity of Virtue: Aristotle and Kant on Virtue. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Surprenant, Chris. Kant and the Cultivation of Virtue. New York: Routledge, 2014.
Torri, Paolo. “Assimilation to God and Practical Life from Plato to Plotinus.” Dalam Longing for Perfection in Late Antiquity: Studies on Journeys between Ideal and Reality in Pagan and Christian Literature, diedit oleh Johan Leemans, Geert Roskam, dan Peter Van Deun, 11:19–57. Ancient Philosophy & Religion. Leiden: Brill, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004681132.
Zovko, Marie-Élise. “Worldly and Otherworldly Virtue: Likeness to God as Educational Ideal in Plato, Plotinus, and Today.” Dalam Bildung and Paideia: Philosophical Models of Education, diedit oleh Marie-Élise Zovko dan John M. Dillon. Educational Philosophy and Theory. London; New York: Routledge, 2021.
